浙江常山县表层土壤锗地球化学特征及影响因素

通过浙江西部常山县表层土壤的调查研究,首次查明了土壤锗含量特征:研究区内表层土壤锗含量0.87~5.59 mg/kg,平均值为1.59 mg/kg,略低于中国土壤锗的平均含量1.70 mg/kg。不同成土母质的表层土壤锗含量平均值略有差异,变化范围为1.50~1.73 mg/kg,以花岗岩类风化物最大,石英砂岩类风化物最低,其他母质区土壤锗含量较接近。不同土壤类型锗含量变化范围为1.45~1.62 mg/kg,以黄壤中锗含量最高,潮土最低,其他类型土壤锗含量为1.51~1.61 mg/kg。泥质含量较高的砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩的锗含量较高,可达1.75~1.95 mg/kg;白云岩、灰岩的锗含量低,仅为0.12~0.20 mg/kg。常山县大面积分布的砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩等岩石锗含量较高,是土壤锗含量相对较高的主要原因。     

Experimental study on height simulation of capillary fringe

In this paper, the plexiglass experimental column was used to analyze the capillary fringe thickness of three kinds of lithologies-silty sand, silt and silty clay-providing a basis for defining the interface in the study of hydrodynamics at the water table between vandose water and groundwater. The capillary fringe generally refers to the subsurface layer in which the groundwater seeps up to the air-entry suction value due to capillary action, and is nearly saturated with water. The thickness of the capillary fringe varies with different lithologies. In this experiment, self-made stable water supply devices were used to study the height of capillary rise, capillary water volume and capillary fringe thickness of the three lithologies through capillary experiment and numerical simulation. Experimental results show as follows:(1) Rising height of capillary water is related to time, particle radius, volume, etc., and the relationship between height and time is in line with the Hill model.(2) The smaller the particle radius, the more water the pores contain, and the ratio of the unsaturated portion of capillary water to the total water content gradually rises. Experimental results obtained by numerical simulation, segmentation and actual measurement are consistent.(3) The thickness of the capillary zone is related to the lithology. The larger the particle size, the smaller the thickness of the capillary fringe, and vice versa. In silty sand, the thickness measures about 13 cm. The figure rises to 16 cm in silt, and 37 cm in silty clay. This work studies the law of soil water transport at saturated-unsaturated interface. Experimental results are of great significance to the study of soil water and salt transport and soil salinization control in unsaturated zone.     

深度学习在煤层气测井解释中的应用研究

将常规储层测井解释方法应用于煤层气储层测井解释,其效果存在一定的折扣。为了改善传统方法在煤层气测井解释中出现的问题,将深度学习的思想引入测井解释,提出受限玻尔兹曼机的数量、受限玻尔兹曼机隐含层神经元数量、分类阈值的确定方法,利用深度信念网络进行煤层识别及煤层气含气量的预测。实验结果表明：首先,在交会图法效果不好的情况下,通过深度信念网络进行煤层识别,继而对识别结果进行适当校正,煤层识别成功率可达到90%以上;其次,经过多种方法的对比,利用深度信念网络进行煤层气含气量预测的效果,要好于BP神经网络、多元回归统计以及Langmuir方程三种方法。深度学习改进了传统的BP神经网络,具备更强的复杂函数泛化能力,适用于煤层气测井解释,并具有进一步的推广价值。     

斜坡单元支持下基于土体含水率的陕西省清涧县城区黄土滑坡危险性评价

滑坡危险性评价是减灾防灾的重要措施之一。通过野外调查,陕西省清涧县城区周边斜坡地带共发育滑坡138处,严重威胁县城安全。为了准确评价清涧县城区滑坡危险性,按照河流沟谷的发育情况和地形地貌的完整性,将清涧县城区及周边区域的斜坡地带共划分为925个斜坡单元,将斜坡单元按照不同的坡度、坡高和坡型分别进行不同土体含水率工况下的斜坡稳定性计算。计算结果表明,随着斜坡土体含水率的逐渐增加,城区内稳定斜坡的面积逐渐减少,不稳定斜坡的面积逐渐增大。依据陕北地区黄土斜坡土体含水率监测数据,分析计算土体含水率（w）的出现概率,w≤0.15出现的概率为0.622（概率很高）,0.15<w≤0.2出现的概率为0.2963（概率高）,0.2<w≤0.25出现的概率为0.0816（概率中）,w>0.25出现的概率为0（概率低）。结合斜坡稳定性计算结果和含水率出现概率,评价斜坡单元危险性。评价结果表明,清涧县城区危险性很高区面积3.27 km²,包含斜坡单元112个,已发生滑坡点92个;危险性高区面积4.19 km²,包含斜坡单元128个,已发生滑坡点36个;危险性中区面积8.75 km²,包含斜坡单元251个,已发生滑坡点6个;危险性低区面积15.20 km²,包含斜坡单元434个,已发生滑坡点4个。     

基于“定体积法”的大佛寺井田煤储层稳产阶段动态含气量反演

含气量是影响煤层气井生产的关键参数,但是,多数煤层气井无法直接获得目标煤层含气量,且解吸法测定的低阶煤储层含气量误差较大。文章以大佛寺井田煤层含气量动态变化特征为研究目标,结合煤层气井排采数据对煤储层参数动态的同步反馈,采用“定体积法”分析煤层气井排采数据,进行4#煤储层实时含气量的动态反演。结果表明：（1）设定多个原始含气量,实时含气量随时间变化呈线性递减关系,且下降趋势一致,皆能得到实时含气量变化线性斜率相同的结果：产气量与含气量消耗同步,且与生产时间间隔无关。（2）分析1 d、3 d、5 d的不同时间步长,设定原始含气量分别为2 m3/t、3 m3/t、4 m3/t、5 m3/t、6 m3/t、8 m3/t时,煤储层实时含气量变化关系高度一致,认为煤层气井遵循“定体积”产气规律,即不存在压降漏斗的形成与扩展。（3）连续排采阶段,实时含气量与排采时间呈线性降低关系,排采间断前后两个阶段煤储层实时含气量线性降低速率不同：为-0.00546和 -0.00435;第二阶段较第一阶段实时含气量变化斜率减小,是因为排采过程产生煤粉,堵塞阻碍块煤的解吸作用,造成储层伤害,能够解吸的煤层体积缩小。     

Comparing methods for mapping canopy chlorophyll content in a mixed mountain forest using Sentinel-2 data

The Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI) has three spectral bands centered at 705, 740, and 783 nm wavelengths that exploit the red-edge information useful for quantifying plant biochemical traits. This sensor configuration is expected to improve the prediction accuracy of vegetation chlorophyll content. In this work, we assessed the performance of several statistical and physical-based methods in retrieving canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) from Sentinel-2 in a heterogeneous mixed mountain forest. Amongst the algorithms presented in the literature, 13 different vegetation indices (VIs), a non-parametric statistical approach, and two radiative transfer models (RTM) were used to assess the CCC prediction accuracy. A field campaign was conducted in July 2017 to collect in situ measurements of CCC in Bavarian forest national park, and the cloud-free Sentinel-2 image was acquired on 13 July 2017. The leave-one-out cross-validation technique was used to compare the VIs and the non-parametric approach. Whereas physical-based methods were calibrated using simulated data and validated using the in situ reference dataset. The statistical-based approaches, such as the modified simple ratio (mSR) vegetation index and the partial least square regression (PLSR) outperformed all other techniques. As such the modified simple ratio (mSR3) (665, 865) gave the lowest cross-validated RMSE of 0.21 g/m² (R² = 0.75). The PLSR resulted in the highest R² of 0.78, and slightly higher RMSE =0.22 g/m² than mSR3. The physical-based approach-INFORM inversion using look-up table resulted in an RMSE =0.31 g/m², and R² = 0.67. Although mapping CCC using these methods revealed similar spatial distribution patterns, over and underestimation of low and high CCC values were observed mainly in the statistical approaches. Further validation using in situ data from different terrestrial ecosystems is imperative for both the statistical and physical-based approaches' effectiveness to quantify CCC before selecting the best operational algorithm to map CCC from Sentinel-2 for long-term terrestrial ecosystems monitoring across the globe.     

环雷州半岛近海表层沉积物有机碳分布及其控制因素分析

对环雷州半岛近海43个海底表层沉积物的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、沉积介质条件(包括沉积物粒度)进行了分析,探讨了沉积物TOC、TN的区域分布特征以及影响有机碳分布的主要因素。结果表明,环雷州半岛近海海域海底表层沉积物有机碳含量在0~0.79%之间,平均值为0.26%。与中国其它近海海域相比,环雷州半岛大部分近海区域海底表层沉积物有机碳含量明显偏低,为有机质贫乏区,仅雷州半岛西南部流沙湾近海海域为TOC相对高值区。总氮含量也不高,在0.011%到0.100%之间,TOC与TN存在较强的正相关性,且平面上TOC与TN分布高度重合,显示氮元素主要以有机化合物形式存在。TOC/TN比值在5.1~14.3之间,表明沉积有机质具有陆源输入和海洋自生来源的混合特征,但以雷州半岛西侧北部及东侧中部海域受陆源有机质输入影响更大。大多数站位海底沉积物粒度构成以粉砂为主、粘土次之,少数站位以砂质沉积为主。沉积物有机碳含量与粘土及粉砂含量呈弱正相关性,与沉积物pH值、Eh值及砂含量呈弱负相关性,这表明海底沉积物有机质丰度受有机质来源输入、海底氧化还原状态和沉积水动力条件(沉积物粒度)等因素综合控制。     

氮限制时间对海绿球藻和微绿球藻生长、总脂含量及脂肪酸组成的影响

本文研究了不同氮限制时间(0、1、2、4、6 d)对海绿球藻(Halochlorococcum sarcotum)和微绿球藻(Nannochloris oculata)叶绿素荧光参数、细胞密度、生物量、叶绿素含量、总脂含量以及脂肪酸组成的影响。本实验结果表明,海绿球藻的最大相对电子传递速率rETR_(max)和快速光曲线的初始斜率α都随氮限制时间增加而降低,而光系统II最大光能转化效率F_v/F_m、非光化学淬灭NPQ以及最小饱和光照强度Ik都有先增加后下降的趋势,各参数都在氮限制第6d达到最小值。微绿球藻上述各参数的变化趋势均为随着氮限制时间增加而逐渐下降。随着氮限制时间增加,海绿球藻和微绿球藻细胞密度都有较小幅度的增加,分别在第5 d和第6 d达到最大值;两种绿藻的叶绿素含量均随氮限制时间的增加而降低,氮限制0 d时叶绿素含量最高, 6 d时叶绿素含量最低;在氮限制第2 d时二者总脂产率都达到最大值,分别为0.021 g·(L·d)~(–1)和0.017 g·(L·d)~(–1),由此可见,适合海绿球藻和微绿球藻产脂的最佳氮限制时间均为2 d。海绿球藻和微绿球藻的脂肪酸主要包括16:0、18:0、20:0、18:1n-9、18:2n-6和16:3n-3等。氮限制对海绿球藻的18:1n-9和MUFA(单不饱和脂肪酸总和)影响显著,均随氮限制时间增加而增加,而PUFA(多不饱和脂肪酸总和)含量随氮限制时间增加而降低;氮限制对微绿球藻的16:0、18:1n-9、16:3n-3、MUFA和PUFA有显著影响,随着氮限制时间增加, 16:0、18:1n-9及MUFA含量逐渐增加,而16:3n-3和PUFA含量逐渐降低。本实验结果可为进一步开发海绿球藻和微绿球藻并对其进行大规模培养提供理论依据。     

基于卫星和浮标数据的副热带西北太平洋反气旋型中尺度涡旋的个例观测研究

The comprehensive three-dimensional structures of an anti-cyclonic mesoscale eddy(AE) in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean were investigated by combining the Argo floats profiles with enhanced vertical and temporal sampling and satellite altimetry data. The AE originated near the Kuroshio Extension and then propagated westward with mean velocity of 8.9 cm/s. Significant changes and evolutions during the AE's growing stage(T1) and further growing stage(T2) were revealed through composite analysis. In the composite eddy core,maximum temperature(T) and salinity(S) anomalies were of 1.7(1.9)°C and 0.04(0.07) psu in T1(T2) period,respectively. The composite T anomalies showed positive in almost whole depth, but the S anomalies exhibited a sandwich-like pattern. The eddy's intensification and its influence on the intermediate ocean became more significant during its growth. The trapping depth increased from 400×10~4 Pa to 580×10~4 Pa while it was growing up, which means more water volume, heat and salt content in deeper layers can be transported. The AE was strongly nonlinear in upper oceans and can yield a typical mean volume transport of 0.17×10~6 m~3/s and a mean heat and salt transport anomaly of 3.6×10~(11) W and –2.1×10~3 kg/s during the observation period. The Energy analysis showed that eddy potential and kinetic energy increased notably as it propagated westward and the baroclinic instability is the major energy source of the eddy growth. The variation of the remained Argo float trapped within the eddy indicated significant water advection during the eddy's propagation.     

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