Quantifying the non-conservative production of potential temperature over the past 22000 years

The energy budgets of the ocean play a crucial role in the analysis of climate change. Potential temperature is traditionally used as a conservative quantity to express variations associated with “heat” in oceanography, such as the heat content and heat transport. However, potential temperature is usually not conserved during turbulent mixing, so the use of conservative temperature is more accurate. Based on climatological simulations under the modern and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM;~21 ka;ka=thousand years ago), as well as a transient climate simulation of the past 22 000 years, we quantify the errors induced by the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature in paleo-climate research for the first time. The temperature error reaches 0.9℃ near the coasts aff ected by river discharges but is much smaller in the open oceans, typically 0.03°C above the main thermocline and less than 0.01℃ elsewhere. The error of the ocean heat content (OHC) is roughly 3×10^22 J and is relatively steady over the past 22 000 years. However, the OHC increases to six times the original value during the last glacial termination from 20 ka to 7 ka. As a result, the relative OHC error decreases from 1.2% in the LGM climate to 0.14% in the modern climate. The error of the ocean meridional heat transport (OMHT) is generally smaller than 0.005 PW (1 PW=10 15 W), with very small temporal variations (typically 0.000 4 PW), and induces a relative OMHT error of typically 0.3% over the past 22 000 years. Therefore, the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature induces a relative error of generally less than 1% in the analyses of basin-scale climate variations.     

多模型耦合下的植被冠层可燃物含水率遥感反演

植被冠层可燃物含水率FMC(Fuel Moisture Content)是评估野火风险及估算火灾蔓延速率的重要指标。以中国西部6个典型研究区为例,基于辐射传输模型,利用Landsat 5 TM及Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据,开展草原、森林冠层FMC定量反演研究。为克服基于物理模型的病态反演问题、FMC自身的弱敏感性问题及西南森林多具复杂的双层冠层结构问题,研究中考虑了模型参数之间的相关特征,使用多波段遥感数据及耦合辐射传输模型等方法。反演结果显示,总体植被冠层FMC反演精度R~2为0.64,RMSE为44.86%,其中草地冠层FMC的反演精度(R~2=0.64,RMSE=47.57%)略低于森林冠层FMC的反演精度(R~2=0.71,RMSE=30.82%)。为进一步论证该反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性,研究中选取并分析了2011年3月2日于云南大理白族自治州剑川县金华镇金和村森林火灾爆发前、爆发时及灾后该区域植被冠层FMC的变化特征。结果显示,火灾爆发时该地区植被冠层FMC明显低于火灾发生前后(约一月时间)植被冠层FMC,证明了本文FMC反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性。     

地图专题信息量的测量方法研究

对已有的地图信息量测量法进行介绍,针对已有的专题信息量测量方法单方面关注符号类型数量或拓扑邻接性,缺乏对影响专题信息量主要因素的分析提取的问题,分析提出影响专题信息的主要因素——符号类型数量、混合度和每种类型占比,在此基础上提出基于拓扑中心符号的专题信息量测量法、基于全局的专题信息量测量法和基于特征的专题信息测量法。实验表明,以上改进方法对地图符号专题信息量的计算结果更加有效,能够更好地符合人的空间认知特性。     

Effect of graded levels of dietary carbohydrate on growth,feed utilisation and intestinal microbial community structure in dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus fed a pelleted diet

The ability to utilise carbohydrates is limited for many predatory marine fishes. Graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (4.1–24.6%) were formulated using pregelatinised maize starch, to determine optimal levels for dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, an emerging mariculture finfish for which pelleted feeds are being developed. Specific growth rate increased with an increase in the carbohydrate level up to 16.72%, after which it declined. Feed utilisation followed a similar trend, with the best feed conversion ratio (1.28) and protein efficiency ratio (1.76) recorded at 16.4% carbohydrate. Lipid vacuolisation of the hepatocytes was evident in all livers examined, with melano-macrophage aggregates in those of fish fed 24.6% carbohydrate suggesting starvation. Gut bacterial community profiles were variable but were not influenced by dietary carbohydrate level and differed mostly between fish fed trout feed prior to the trial and those fed experimental diets containing starch. The dusky kob were able to clear glucose from their blood when fed up to 16.4% carbohydrate, but glucose removal was not achieved at 24.6% carbohydrate. In conclusion, dusky kob has a limited ability to utilise cooked starch as a carbohydrate source, which may be included in pelleted feed at 16.4% without adverse effects. For this species, levels of dietary carbohydrate above this may result in symptoms consistent with physiological breakdown, including reduced growth, reduced feed intake and feed conversion efficiency, prolonged hyperglycaemia, liver pathology and altered microbial communities in the foregut.     

A fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering spatial hierarchies among vague places extracted from user-generated data

The spatial hierarchy of part-whole relationships is an essential characteristic of the platial world. Constructing spatial hierarchies of places is valuable in association analysis and qualitative spatial reasoning. The emergence of large amounts of geotagged user-generated content provides strong support for modelling places. However, the vague nature of places and the complex spatial relationships among places make it intractable to understand and represent the hierarchies among places. In this paper, we introduce a fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering the spatial hierarchies among vague places. Each place is represented as a concept that consists of its extent and its intent. Based on the place concepts, the spatial hierarchies are generated and expressed as a graph that is easy to comprehend and contains abundant information on spatial relations. We also demonstrate the rationality of our result by comparing it with the result of a questionnaire survey.     

昔格达组半成岩微观结构与力学性质研究

以金沙江寨子村昔格达组半成岩为研究对象,通过X射线衍射、电镜扫描,测定了矿物成分、天然与饱和状态矿物颗粒微观结构;通过三轴压缩试验,研究了昔格达组半成岩受水和围压影响的强度及变形变化规律,并探讨了微观机制;通过对昔格达组半成岩、土、软岩强度指标与含水率的关系进行统计,分析了昔格达组半成岩不同于土和软岩的强度特性,并给出了针对此类岩土体的工程分级建议。研究表明：（1）微观结构显示昔格达组半成岩有明显不同于土和岩石的弱胶结结构特征,在饱和后胶结结构易遭破坏;（2）昔格达组半成岩黏聚力、摩擦角均随含水率增加而减小,平均模量在高含水率下随围压增加而增大,围压一定时随含水率增加而减小;（3）昔格达组半成岩、土、软岩的黏聚力大小为软岩>昔格达组半成岩>土,黏聚力对含水率的敏感性为软岩>昔格达组半成岩>土,摩擦角对含水率的敏感性为土>昔格达组半成岩>软岩;（4）将Φ50 mm×100 mm标准试件的单轴抗压强度在0.2～3 MPa,黏聚力在30～200 kPa的岩土体归类为硬土?软岩,建议在工程实际应用中将其与岩石和土进行区分。     

疏浚淤泥化学絮凝−真空预压深度脱水效果评价

为实现疏浚淤泥高效快速脱水减容,选取化学絮凝和真空预压相结合的脱水技术,利用自制真空预压抽滤装置对5种类型絮凝剂调理淤泥进行系列室内脱水试验,通过上清液高度、泥水分界面高度、沉降速率、底泥含水率等指标,综合评价疏浚淤泥沉降过程与深度脱水效果。结果表明：5种絮凝剂对应最优添加量分别为Ca(OH)2(1 500 mg/L)、PAFSI(200 mg/L)、PAC(200 mg/L)、HCA(50 mg/L)、APAM(500 mg/L);与原始淤泥自然沉降过程相比（底泥高度17.14 cm、含水率96.8%）,真空预压可实现絮凝调理淤泥脱水减容、底泥平均含水率降至53.5%,使底泥体积进一步压缩20.48%～36.99%;真空预压作用下,絮凝调理淤泥在50 min内达到沉降速率峰值,前120 min内淤泥絮凝效果明显、泥水分离程度占据主导;与原始淤泥真空预压对比,絮凝?真空预压大幅提升淤泥沉降速率、有效缩短峰值对应沉降时间,最优絮凝剂（APAM）底泥沉降速率峰值、淤泥总高度沉降速率峰值对应时间点缩短87.5%和83.33%,峰值速率分别增加3.56倍、5.18倍;添加适量絮凝剂能有效改善淤泥脱水性能,增大泥粒尺寸、防堵促排,加速疏浚淤泥沉降与泥水分离效率。化学絮凝?真空抽滤技术有利于实现疏浚淤泥减量化,显著缩短工期、加快施工进度、减少堆积占地,具有显著的工程应用价值。     

浙江常山县表层土壤锗地球化学特征及影响因素

通过浙江西部常山县表层土壤的调查研究,首次查明了土壤锗含量特征:研究区内表层土壤锗含量0.87~5.59 mg/kg,平均值为1.59 mg/kg,略低于中国土壤锗的平均含量1.70 mg/kg。不同成土母质的表层土壤锗含量平均值略有差异,变化范围为1.50~1.73 mg/kg,以花岗岩类风化物最大,石英砂岩类风化物最低,其他母质区土壤锗含量较接近。不同土壤类型锗含量变化范围为1.45~1.62 mg/kg,以黄壤中锗含量最高,潮土最低,其他类型土壤锗含量为1.51~1.61 mg/kg。泥质含量较高的砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩的锗含量较高,可达1.75~1.95 mg/kg;白云岩、灰岩的锗含量低,仅为0.12~0.20 mg/kg。常山县大面积分布的砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩等岩石锗含量较高,是土壤锗含量相对较高的主要原因。     

柿庄南区块3号煤层含气量三维建模

煤层含气量对煤层气开发有直接影响。柿庄南区块煤层含气量相对较高,但开发过程中存在较多低效井,开展含气量三维地质建模有助于厘定含气性对煤层气井产量的影响。以沁水盆地柿庄南区块3号煤层为研究对象,运用多元回归分析方法依次建立基于埋深、灰分、挥发分及固定碳含量等参数的含气量预测公式及基于测井数据的煤岩工业分析各组分含量预测公式,最终得出柿庄南区块基于测井数据的含气量预测模型并应用于全区,与实测值对比表明预测结果较好。运用Petrel软件基于预测结果构建含气量模型,探讨3号煤层含气量三维分布特征。研究表明,区内3号煤层含气量介于11~20 m3/t,其主控因素为煤层埋深和构造部位。该模型对研究区煤层气井低产因素厘定和煤层气开发生产具有指导意义。移动阅读      

深度学习在煤层气测井解释中的应用研究

将常规储层测井解释方法应用于煤层气储层测井解释,其效果存在一定的折扣。为了改善传统方法在煤层气测井解释中出现的问题,将深度学习的思想引入测井解释,提出受限玻尔兹曼机的数量、受限玻尔兹曼机隐含层神经元数量、分类阈值的确定方法,利用深度信念网络进行煤层识别及煤层气含气量的预测。实验结果表明：首先,在交会图法效果不好的情况下,通过深度信念网络进行煤层识别,继而对识别结果进行适当校正,煤层识别成功率可达到90%以上;其次,经过多种方法的对比,利用深度信念网络进行煤层气含气量预测的效果,要好于BP神经网络、多元回归统计以及Langmuir方程三种方法。深度学习改进了传统的BP神经网络,具备更强的复杂函数泛化能力,适用于煤层气测井解释,并具有进一步的推广价值。