凋落物和根系处理对杉木人工林土壤氮素的影响

选取19 a和91 a杉木林为研究对象,设置对照(SR)、去除凋落物和根系(NO)、去除凋落物(NL)、去除根系(NR)、双倍凋落物(DL)5种处理进行为期3 a的野外观测,以探讨凋落物和根系对杉木人工林土壤氮素的影响机制。结果发现:5种处理对NO3--N含量影响不明显,对NH4+-N影响因林龄和土层而异,DL和NR提高了19 a杉木林表土层(0~10cm)NH4+-N含量,但在矿质层(10~20 cm),所有处理均显著降低了NH4+-N含量;NO会降低杉木林DON含量,DL会促进19 a杉木林DON含量增加;杉木林的DON含量总体随土层加深而增大,与DIN含量的变化趋势相反。表明凋落物和根系是土壤氮素的重要影响因素,其影响作用因氮素形态、林龄和土层而异。     

An Environmental Threshold of Soil Test P and Degree of P Saturation of Brazilian Oxisols

To develop P management guidelines for poultry litter application in Oxisols of Brazil, the relationship between water soluble P (WSP), soil test P (STP), and degree of P saturation (DPS) needs to be established. The study examined this relationship in Oxisols of Brazil receiving poultry litter. Soils were analyzed for Mehlich‐1 P (M1‐P), WSP, P fractions, P sorption index (PSI), and P saturation based on Mehlich‐1 extractable P, Al, Fe (DPS_M1), and PSI (DPS_PSI). Surface water bodies in the catchment area were examined for inorganic and total P. All the surface water bodies in the catchment area of the sampled plots were highly enriched in inorganic and organic P. Enrichment of soil P fractions following poultry litter application followed the order HCl‐bound > NaOH‐bound > NaHCO₃‐bound fraction. M1‐P was correlated to labile (NaHCO₃‐P_i), and stable P pools (NaOH‐P and HCl‐P) and reflected the cumulative P accumulation in these soils. P saturation indices increased with cumulative P addition and increasing M1‐P. WSP increased with increasing DPS and a change point was noticed at 23% DPS_PSI (equivalent to DPS_M1 of 16.5%) corresponding to M1‐P of 44.5 mg P kg^?1, which could be regarded as threshold for P loss in these soils.     

太行山地区不同植被林冠截留降水的研究

通过穿透降雨和树干径流自动采集系统,对油松、侧柏、刺槐三种植被截留实验数据进行了分析。结果表明,三种植被林内穿透降雨与林外天然降雨都具极显著的正相关线性关系,林冠截留量与林外降雨量呈幂函数关系,平均截留率大小关系为油松>侧柏>刺槐。相同林外降雨量下产生的树干径流量大小关系为刺槐>侧柏>油松。     

贡嘎山亚高山演替林林冠截留特征与模拟

通过对贡嘎山亚高山峨眉冷杉与冬瓜杨演替林连续两年林下降水与树干径流的实验观测,分析研究了演替林林下降水、树干径流、林冠截留的变化特征,并验证了Gash(1995)模型模拟该区林冠截留的适用性.结果显示,2008年和2009年贡嘎山亚高山演替林林下降水分别占降水量的76.4%和77.0%,树干径流量较小,可以忽略不计,林...     

Effect of Pinus radiata plantations on water balance in Chile

The effect of Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations on water resources at different Chilean sites located between 33 and 40 south was determined. Incoming precipitation, canopy interception loss, evapotranspiration, net evapotranspiration (transpiration and evaporation from the soil), percolation and soil water content were measured in each site, where Pinus radiata plantations were 12 to 17 years old and between 700 and 830 trees ha^?1 dense. The results were compared with those obtained from areas covered with perennial grasses and shrubs at the same sites. The pine canopies intercepted on average 36–40% of the annual rainfall at all sites where rainfall was less then 1200 mm, while only 15% of the mean rainfall was intercepted in the southernmost and rainy (2081 mm year^?1) site. Annual net evapotranspiration increased from south to north from 32% of the incoming precipitation for the southernmost site to 55% for the one located at the lower latitude. In this northernmost site almost the entire incoming precipitation was evapotranspired. Annual percolation registered its minimum value in the northern site (5% of incoming precipitation) and its maxima in the southern one (53%). The values of net evapotranspiration and percolation were regulated by the pluviometric regime and the soil moisture retention capacity in each site. Compared with the shrub or grass covers, sites under Pinus radiata plantations registered higher water consumption by evapotranspiration and reduced percolation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrological characteristics of betel nut plantations on slopelands in central Taiwan / Caractéristiques hydrologiques de plantations de noix de bétel sur des versants du centre Taïwan

Abstract

Betel nut or betel palm (Areca catechu Linn.) has become a major cash crop in southern and central Taiwan since the mid-1980s. Many slopeland fruit orchards and forests have been converted to betel nut plantations. The total area of betel nut plantations has increased over the past 30 years, reaching a peak of 56 542 ha in 1997. The public and conservation groups frequently express great concern over the potential negative hydrological impacts of betel nut plantations on steep slopes. This investigation in central Taiwan examines the effects of hillslope betel nut plantations on hydrological processes. Differences in hydrological characteristics between plots planted with betel nut trees and those with other ground cover types were evaluated at two study sites. The tall, single-layer canopy and wide spacing between planted betel nut trees led to low interception losses, high throughfall and high net rainfall. Plots planted with betel nut trees had lower infiltration, higher surface runoff and higher erosion than forested sites. These hydrological characteristics can be related to factors such as crown cover, soil organic content and soil porosity in betel nut plantations. Streamflow data from three gauged watersheds with different proportions of total area planted with betel nut showed that where greater proportions of total area were planted with betel nut trees, there were higher annual streamflow/rainfall ratios, higher specific peak flows, steeper recessions and higher peak flow/baseflow ratios. The results from this study suggest that, in general, betel nut trees are less desirable from the soil and water conservation viewpoints than natural forests.     

干旱荒漠区绿洲边缘典型固沙灌木的降水截留特征

在民勤绿洲边缘,降水对维持固沙灌木持续稳定发挥固沙功能具有重要作用。本文选择民勤绿洲边缘3种主要固沙灌木为研究对象,观测了降雨条件下降水穿透量和冠层截留量,分析了降水穿透量和冠层截留量与降雨量之间的关系以及截留率与降水强度之间的关系,比较了不同灌木群落的降水截留特征。结果表明,不同灌木的降水截留存在明显差异,梭梭、柽柳、生长良好白刺、衰退白刺冠层最大截留量和截留容量分别为0.6 mm、0.6 mm、0.4 mm、0.3 mm和0.8 mm、0.8 mm、0.5 mm、0.2 mm;在两年总降水量255.3 mm条件下,梭梭、柽柳和生长良好白刺3种灌木群落冠层截留损失分别为44 mm、88 mm和32 mm,占降水总量的16.6%、33.1%和12.0%;当降雨强度<0.8 mm·h-1,梭梭和柽柳降水截留率随降水强度增加均呈递减趋势;当降水强度>0.8 mm·h-1时,梭梭冠层截留量与降水量的比率基本稳定在0.2～0.3之间,柽柳在0.3～0.4之间;当降水强度<0.5 mm·h-1,生长良好白刺灌丛的降水截留率随降水强度增加呈下降趋势;当降雨强度>0.5 mm·h-1,生长良好白刺灌丛截留率基本维持在0.1～0.2之间;降雨强度>0.4 mm·h-1时,衰退白刺截留率稳定在0.05～0.1之间。     

三江平原湿地主要优势植物枯落物分解过程与能量动态研究

应用分解袋法对三江平原3种湿地植物小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)、毛苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)和漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)枯落物分解过程及能量动态进行了研究。结果表明,随着分解的进行,3种湿地植物枯落物失重率呈增加趋势,平均失重率从高到低的顺序是:漂筏苔草[(23.20±5.92)%]、小叶章[(22.85±5.09)%]、毛苔草[(21.47±4.88)%]。枯落物干重热值呈降低的变化趋势,分解初期干重热值降低的速率较大,随分解的进行,干重热值变化趋于平缓。其平均干重热值从高到低的顺序是:漂筏苔草[(16696.22±459.35)J/g]、小叶章[(16575.39±522.36)J/g]、毛苔草[(16488.46±227.79)J/g]。枯落物能量损失率呈增加的趋势,平均能量损失率从高到低的顺序是:漂筏苔草(26.54%)、小叶章(26.39%)、毛苔草(24.10%)。相关分析研究表明,能量损失率与失重率之间具有极显著的正相关关系(n=24,p<0.01),而与干重热值之间呈显著的负相关关系(n=24,p<0.01)。     

Leaf litter decomposition in remote oceanic islands: The role of macroinvertebrates vs. microbial decomposition of native vs. exotic plant species

Freshwater communities on remote oceanic islands can be depauperate due to the influence of biogeographic processes that operate over a range of spatial scales, influencing the colonization of organisms, and events that shape local freshwater assemblages. The consequences of this paucity in organism diversity for the functioning of these ecosystems are, however, not well understood.Here, we examine the relative decomposition rate of leaf litter of native vs. exotic origin by aquatic macroinvertebrates and microbial communities in an isolated and depauperate oceanic environment.Bags containing a standard amount of leaf litter of each of 10 tree species (5 native and 5 non-native species) were deployed on two streams. Two types of bags differing in mesh size were used to allow or prevent the access of leaf litter to macroinvertebrates, respectively. Over a period of 28 days, mass loss of leaf litter was similar in the two bag types suggesting that macroinvertebrates had little influence on the break down of leaf litter in this system. In addition, there was no difference in mass loss of leaf litter of native and exotic origin. Decomposition rates were highly species-specific suggesting that decomposition rates were related to inhibitory substance specific of each leaf species. Our results add to the wider literature by showing that in depauperate and isolated ecosystems, and in contrast to temperate continental ecosystems, decomposition of plant litter by aquatic macroinvertebrates is negligible.     

Canopy interception by a spruce forest in the upper reach of Heihe River basin,Northwestern China

The aim of this study is to understand the canopy interception of Qinghai spruce forest under conditions of different precipitation characteristics and canopy structures in the upper reach of Heihe River basin, northwestern China. On the basis of a continuous record covering our investigating period by an automatic throughfall‐collecting system, we analysed the relationships between the canopy interception and the precipitation characteristics. Our results support the well‐established exponential decay relationship between the gross precipitation and the interception percentage after the canopy is saturated. But our results sufficiently illustrate a notable point that the variations in the interception percentage are almost independent from the variations in the gross precipitation before the canopy is saturated. Our examination into the relationship between the interception and the 10‐min average intensity of precipitation demonstrates a divergent relationship, and the divergent relationship is bracketed by an upper ‘dry line’ indicating that 100% of gross precipitation was intercepted before saturation and by a lower ‘wet line’ suggesting that the actual canopy storage capacity reached the maximum and evaporation was the only component of the interception. To search for the relationship between canopy structures and interception, we grouped the canopy covers over the 90 throughfall‐collecting tanks into ten categories ranging from 0 (no cover) to 0.9 (nearly completely covered), and the corresponding canopy interception was calculated by subtracting the averaged throughfall of each canopy‐cover category from the gross precipitation. The results show that the interception percentage increases faster with increasing canopy cover under intermediate rainfall conditions than that under heavy rainfall conditions. Unexpectedly, under light rainfall conditions the increasing rate of interception percentage with increasing canopy cover and also with increasing plant area index is not faster than that under the intermediate rainfall conditions simply because the tank‐measured percentage of interception was extremely high at near‐zero canopy cover conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.