盐湖氯化镁溶雪剂融冰效果的研究

目前融雪剂主要有两大类,第一类是氯盐系,通常指氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化镁、氯化钾等,其融雪效果好,原料易得,价格便宜。第二类是非氯盐有机物系,通常指醋酸钙、醋酸镁、醋酸钾和特殊有机物等为主要成分的融雪剂,这类融雪剂冰点高,融雪效果较差,价格昂贵不易推广,只局限于机场、跑道、桥梁等特殊地段使用。随着各地区对环境保护力度的加大,出现混合型融雪剂,其在上述两类融雪原料中添加缓蚀剂,以减小对道路、设施、植被、土壤的侵蚀。利用盐湖提钾后的尾矿氯化镁(MgCl_2·6H_2O)在110℃~127℃干燥后作为融雪原料,研究不同低温段的融冰效果,与传统融雪剂氯化钠的融冰能力进行对比,得到了理想结果,为尾矿氯化镁开辟了新的利用方向。     

盐湖卤水直接提取氯化锂的研究概况

详细论述了世界各国从盐湖卤水中直接提取氯化锂技术研究的进展情况，并对我国发展盐湖卤水提取氯化锂的方向提出了好的建议。     

氯盐干湿环境下受弯横向裂缝对钢筋混凝土耐久性影响

为了研究持续开裂状态下横向裂缝对钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的影响特性,开展了8根受弯开裂钢筋混凝土梁构件的盐溶液干湿循环试验;借助无损检测技术和破损实测方法,分别对氯离子侵入量、钢筋半电池电位、腐蚀电流密度以及平均锈蚀率等进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,裂缝的存在将提高混凝土的渗透性,裂缝处及周围混凝土内的氯离子含量明显增大;对于一定裂缝分布状况的钢筋混凝土试验梁,内部钢筋的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度以及平均锈蚀率均高于裂缝自愈及无裂缝的试验梁,并受到保护层厚度与裂缝开展状态的影响,其影响规律可用单位长度内的平均裂缝宽度与保护层厚度的比值wm/c来进行综合评价。综合试验结果,初步建议海洋干湿侵蚀环境下钢筋混凝土构件的最大裂缝宽度wmax宜小于0.003 3 c,相关结论可为海洋混凝土结构的耐久性设计提供参考。     

氯化锌/氯化胆碱离子液体单晶合成、表征及性质研究

选用溶剂挥发法,以氯化胆碱和氯化锌为原料,成功合成了一种新型的Zn(Ⅱ)单晶[Ch][ZnCl₃],并采用单晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、X-粉末衍射、元素分析等对单晶结构进行表征。结果表明:该晶体属于单斜晶系,空间点群为P 21/c,晶胞参数a= 7.322(4) ?, b = 9.423(5) ?, c = 16.688(8) ?, V = 1145.8(10) ?3, Z = 4, C5H14Cl3NOZn, Mr=275.89, Dc = 1.599 g/cm3, F (000) =560, m=2.797 mm_-1, R = 0.0524 and wR =0.1434. 通过热分分析,热分解温度为：323.5℃,具有较好的热稳定性,熔点为43℃, 相变焓94.1J.cm_-3。     

喜马拉雅琼嘉岗超大型伟晶岩型锂矿的发现及意义

近年来,喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩的"高度分离结晶、异地深成侵入"成因,及其具有良好的稀有金属成矿潜力而倍受关注。已有野外调查和资源勘查工作表明该花岗岩带可能成为我国稀有金属重要的战略储备基地。目前带内金属组合以铍-铌-钽（锡-钨）组合为主（如错那洞大型锡-钨-铍矿床）,但尚未发现工业锂矿体的产出。本次工作在高喜马拉雅琼嘉岗地区发现了超大型伟晶岩型锂矿,并初步揭示该伟晶岩型锂矿的基本地质特征。琼嘉岗伟晶岩属于过铝质LCT型伟晶岩,稀有金属（REL）类REL-Li亚类钠长石-锂辉石型。含矿伟晶岩呈串珠状、囊状体产出在前寒武系肉切村群大理岩中,伟晶岩具有一定分带,目前主要包括细粒钠长石带、文象结构带、分层细晶岩带和块体微斜长石+锂辉石带,赋矿主体结构带为后两者。矿石矿物主要为锂辉石、铌铁矿-铌锰矿,以及少量锡石和绿柱石。59件样品中44件Li2O含量在工业品位（0.80%）之上,平均1.30%。4条伟晶岩脉群资源量估算表明琼嘉岗锂资源可达超大型规模,琼嘉岗是喜马拉雅首例具有工业价值的伟晶岩型锂矿,其发现证实我国高喜马拉雅地区具有找寻大型-超大型花岗伟晶岩型锂（铍）矿的潜力。     

西昆仑大红柳滩一带锂辉石矿基本特征和勘查新进展

西昆仑大红柳滩一带伟晶岩型锂铍等稀有金属成矿带位于康西瓦断裂南侧、大红柳滩-郭扎错断裂北侧,该区内广泛发育三叠纪二长花岗岩,锂铍矿体产于花岗伟晶岩中,近几年的矿产勘查工作,发现了多处具有大型—超大型找矿前景的锂铍等稀有金属矿产地。本次研究在系统收集资料的基础上,确定了锂辉石矿基本特征,开展了成矿条件、成矿规律研究。研究表明该区稀有金属矿的成矿时代为晚三叠世—早侏罗世,矿体受伟晶岩脉控制明显,伟晶岩脉的含矿性与岩体之间空间分布距离具有一定的关系,一般表现为近岩体含矿性差,远离岩体含矿性好的特征。三叠纪岩体周边的伟晶岩脉具有良好的稀有金属矿产的找矿前景,有形成稀有金属矿产接替基地的条件。     

海陆过渡带氯离子迁移规律分析研究

伴随全球气候变暖导致的海平面上升及沿海地区对地下水资源的超量开采,将会诱发海咸水入侵内陆地下水,导致海陆过渡带的迁移,影响区域社会经济及水资源安全。该文以山东半岛蓝色经济区为研究背景,选取区域内龙口、招远滨海区域作为研究区,首先对研究区内的地下水流场规律进行刻画,然后以模拟因子,对目前地下水超采情景下的海陆过渡带迁移规律进行量化分析研究,研究结果表明:龙口、招远滨海区域海陆过渡带的宽度约为1.5～4.5km,且内陆地下水位越高,海陆过渡带向内陆迁移的速度越慢、范围越小。该成果对研究山东半岛蓝色经济区海陆过渡带的迁移具有重要指导意义。     

Hydrological processes of a rainforest headwater swamp from natural chemical tracing in Nsimi watershed,Cameroon

The hydrological role of a headwater swamp in a tropical rainforest is studied using chloride mass balance (CMB) and end‐member mixing analysis. There are three main contributions to streamflow: (1) the hillside bedrock aquifer, (2) overland flow from the swamp during storm events and (3) groundwater flow from the swamp aquifer. Before rainfall events of the wet season, the pre‐event water comprises a mix of 80% of bedrock aquifer and 20% of swamp aquifer. During storms, the relative contribution of overland flow increases according to the rainfall intensity and the initial saturation rate of the pre‐event water reservoirs. The yearly contribution of overland flow from the swamp to the stream is about 31%. The relationship between the swamp and the stream fluctuates with space and time. Generally, the swamp is drained by the stream; however, at the end of long dry seasons, after the first rains, indirect recharge occurs from the stream to the swamp with a hydraulic gradient inversion in the swamp aquifer. The net contribution of the swamp aquifer to the stream is only 4%, which is much lower than the hillside aquifer contribution of about 65%. Recharge on the swamp being very low, these results suggest that, except for a few storms at the end of the dry season, the Nsimi swamp does not contribute to flood attenuation. Evapotranspiration is higher on the hillside than in the swamp. Nevertheless, depletion of water stored within the swamp is dominated by evaporation rather than by its contribution to streamflow. The export of solutes through swamp groundwater flow below the weir is low (<7%). Nevertheless, the swamp is the most active area of weathering in the watershed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transit time evaluation using a chloride concentration input step shift after forest cutting in a Japanese headwater catchment

Mean transit times were estimated for a small headwater catchment in Japan (the Fukuroyamasawa Experimental Watershed) using the step shift in input chloride (Cl^?) concentrations that occurred immediately after an episode of forest clear‐cutting. Measured Cl^? concentrations in stream water began to decrease immediately after clear‐cutting, and this trend continued for 6 years. Before clear‐cutting, the input Cl^? concentrations were controlled by wet and dry deposition processes, and most of the dry Cl^? deposition was collected by the forest canopy and reached the ground as throughfall and stemflow. After clear‐cutting, dry deposition was no longer collected by the canopy in this way, thus causing a sharp decrease in input Cl^? concentrations. By comparing measured Cl^? concentrations in stream water with estimates based on the input and evaporative Cl^? concentrations, it was shown that the decrease in stream water Cl^? concentrations was caused mainly by this step shift in the Cl^? input. It was proposed that the change in Cl^? concentrations after forest cutting could be used to represent the replacement of ‘old’ water that existed before cutting by ‘new’ water that was supplied after cutting. The breakthrough curve for the new water fraction gave an approximately exponential distribution of transit times in flow‐corrected time. The mean flow‐corrected transit time was estimated as 1068 days (runoff: 3497 mm). It was therefore concluded that the step change in input Cl^? concentrations immediately following forest clear‐cutting could be successfully used to estimate transit times for the entire catchment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seasonal and interannual variations of nitrate and chloride in stream waters related to spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater concentrations in agricultural catchments

Nitrate concentrations in streamwater of agricultural catchments often exhibit interannual variations, which are supposed to result from land‐use changes, as well as seasonal variations mainly explained by the effect of hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In catchments on impervious bedrock, seasonal variations of nitrate concentrations in streamwater are usually characterized by higher nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. However, intermediate or inverse cycles with higher concentrations in summer are sometimes observed. An experimental study was carried out to assess the mechanisms that determine the seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations in intensive agricultural catchments. Temporal and spatial patterns of groundwater concentrations were investigated in two adjacent catchments located in south‐western Brittany (France), characterized by different seasonal variations of streamwater nitrate concentrations. Wells were drilled across the hillslope at depths ranging from 1·5 to 20 m. Dynamics of the water table were monitored and the groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations were measured weekly over 2 years. Results highlighted that groundwater was partitioned into downslope domains, where denitrification induced lower nitrate concentrations than into mid‐slope and upslope domains. For one catchment, high subsurface flow with high nitrate concentrations during high water periods and active denitrification during low water periods explained the higher streamwater nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. For the other catchment, the high contribution of groundwater with high nitrate concentrations smoothed or inverted this trend. Increasing bromide/chloride ratio and nitrate concentrations with depth argued for an effect of past agricultural pressure on this catchment. The relative contribution of flows in time and correlatively the spatial origin of waters, function of the depth and the location on the hillslope, and their chemical characteristics control seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations and can influence their interannual trends. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.