Chemical evolution and volcanic activity of the active crater lake of Poás volcano, Costa Rica, 1993–1997

Concentrations of chloride and sulfate and pH in the hot crater lake (Laguna Caliente) at Poás volcano and in acid rain varied over the period 1993–1997. These parameters are related to changes in lake volume and temperature, and changes in summit seismicity and fumarole activity beneath the active crater. During this period, lake level increased from near zero to its highest level since 1953, lake temperature declined from a maximum value of 70°C to a minimum value of 25°C, and pH of the lake water increased from near zero to 1.8. In May 1993 when the lake was nearly dry, chloride and sulfate concentrations in the lake water reached 85,400 and 91,000 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Minimum concentrations of chloride and sulfate after the lake refilled to its maximum volume were 2630 and 4060 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Between January 1993 and May 1995, most fumarolic activity was focused through the bottom of the lake. After May 1995, fumarolic discharge through the bottom of the lake declined and reappeared outside the lake within the main crater area. The appearance of new fumaroles on the composite pyroclastic cone coincided with a dramatic decrease in type B seismicity after January 1996. Between May 1995 and December 1997, enhanced periods of type A seismicity and episodes of harmonic tremor were associated with an increase in the number of fumaroles and the intensity of degassing on the composite pyroclastic cone adjacent to the crater lake. Increases in summit seismic activity (type A, B and harmonic tremor) and in the height of eruption plumes through the lake bottom are associated with a period of enhanced volcanic activity during April–September 1994. At this time, visual observations and remote fumarole temperature measurements suggest an increase in the flux of heat and gases discharged through the bottom of the crater lake, possibly related to renewed magma ascent beneath the active crater. A similar period of enhanced seismic activity that occurred between August 1995 and January 1996, apparently caused fracturing of sealed fumarole conduits beneath the composite pyroclastic cone allowing the focus of fumarolic degassing to migrate from beneath the lake back to the 1953–1955 cone. Changes in the chemistry of summit acid rain are correlated changes in volcanic activity regardless of whether fumaroles are discharging into the lake or are discharging directly into the atmosphere.     

低水合氯化镁吸水过程的气相色谱热力学研究

利用迎头气相色谱分析、量热法、热重法、X -衍射法和化学分析相结合 ,对氯化镁水合物吸水和脱水过程进行了热力学研究。在不同温度下对MgCl2 ·4H2 O和MgCl2 ·2H2 O对水的吸附等温线所进行的数学模拟结果表明 ,Bolzmann函数是描述该等温线较为理想的方程。两种氯化镁水合物对水的吸附热分别为 -1 3 0 6kJ/mol和 -1 6 1 1kJ/mol。也给出了该吸附过程的吸附平衡常数。从所获得的数据来看 ,以部分脱水的氯化镁水合物为吸附剂来吸附水氯镁石脱水设备尾气中的水蒸气 ,从而使保护性气体HCl得以循环使用 ,从热力学角度而言存在这种可能性。     

三苯基氯化锡对黑褐新糠虾的毒性效应

于 1 992年 7月在青岛胶州湾西岸采集黑褐新糠虾 ,经实验室常年培养驯化后作为实验材料 ,研究了三苯基氯化锡 (TPTC)的急性毒性效应及其对糠虾繁殖、生殖周期和种群的慢性毒性影响。结果表明 ,在急性毒性实验中 ,TPTC对糠虾的半致死浓度为 2 5× 1 0 - 9g/L( 2 4hLC50 )和 1 5× 1 0 - 9g/L( 4 8hLC50 ) ;慢性毒性实验结果表明 ,TPTC能影响糠虾种群的世代繁殖 ,2× 1 0 - 9g/L的TPTC能使糠虾首次生育的年龄延迟 3d ,产幼总数比对照组减少80 %以上 ,1× 1 0 - 9— 2× 1 0 - 9g/L的TPTC能导致糠虾生殖周期延长 3— 4d ,在生殖期内的死亡率上升 30 %— 55% ,暴露于 0 2 5× 1 0 - 9— 2 0 0× 1 0 - 9g/LTPTC中的糠虾其子代的在 6× 1 0 - 9g/LTPTC中存活能力下降。可以认为 ,1× 1 0 - 9g/L的TPTC可导致糠虾种群的衰亡。     

日本的海水化学资源提取技术研究

海水化学资源例如铀、锂提取技术已进入海水现场小规模试验。以纤维状偕胺肟类化合物为吸附材料 ,每公斤吸附剂的提铀量为 1 g。添加质量分数为 2 0 %聚氯乙烯的尖晶石型锰氧化物粒状海水提锂吸附剂 ,每克吸附剂的提铀量为 1 8mg。浮体式吸铀装置可用于深海作业。流动床或船舶提锂系统 ,可规模化海水提锂。吸锂剂的脱附以及脱锂液的浓缩分离已初步达到小型生产的程度。用吸附法从海水中提取的碳酸锂纯度达 99%以上 ,海水锂回收率为 2 7%。     

Numerical studies of vertical Cl−, δ2H and δ18O profiles in the aquifer–aquitard system in the Pearl River Delta,China

Sedimentation may have a significant effect on the transport of solutes and environmental isotopes in sediment. The depth profiles of the Cl^?, δ²H and δ¹⁸O in a borehole in the aquifer–aquitard system in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, were obtained by centrifuging the core sediment samples. A one‐dimensional model based on the sedimentation and sea level changes of the PRD during the Holocene was built to investigate numerically the transport mechanisms of Cl^?, δ²H and δ¹⁸O. The sedimentation process was modelled as a moving boundary problem with the moving rate equal to the sedimentation rate. The model was calibrated and the parameters were obtained by comparing simulated and measured data. Very good agreement between all the three observed profiles and the simulated ones demonstrates the reliability of the model and the parameters. Simulation results show that the shapes of the curves are controlled by the combination of sedimentation and upper boundary conditions. Diffusion solely is adequate to reconstruct the observed profiles, which indicates that diffusion is the dominant vertical transport mechanism. The effective diffusion coefficients of the aquitard and the aquifer equal to 5.0 × 10^?11 and 2.0 × 10^?10 m²/s, respectively. The results of this study will help in understanding the transport mechanisms of solutes and environmental tracers in deltas with geology and hydrogeology similar to the PRD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

国外锂矿找矿新进展(2019~2021年)及对我国战略性矿产勘查的启示

2019年至今,全球范围锂矿找矿力度依旧未减,热点地区不断取得新进展,成果丰硕。本文对2019年至2021年期间国外一些重点锂矿项目的找矿勘查进展情况及动向进行概述。总体来看,锂矿的全球分布格局相对稳定,盐湖型锂矿和伟晶岩型锂矿仍占据主导地位,并在相应热点地区取得重大进展。此外,沉积型及热泉型等新类型锂矿的勘查工作在美国及欧洲等地区也取得了一系列新进展。较国外而言,我国取得的找矿进展和实际增加的资源储量依然有限。通过借鉴国外锂矿勘探项目的新进展,认为国内应树牢安全意识,加大对锂等战略性矿产资源的调查评价与勘查投入;进一步加强对伟晶岩型、盐湖型等传统类型以及岩体型、沉积型及热泉型等新类型锂矿的调查研究,不断拓展找矿新区域、新空间;加速国内锂矿产业化进程,不断健全锂业产业链,在上游加强国内锂资源找矿勘查的同时,要注重下游高端产品的研发。     

贵州铝土矿含矿岩系中锂的分布特征及富集机理

锂是我国关键矿产和高新产业发展的战略性资源之一。贵州铝土矿资源丰富,含铝岩系分布广,勘查发现铝土矿(岩)中伴生大量的锂资源。研究认为,全省含铝岩系中Li含量高,变化范围大(0.55×10^-6～2725.03×10^-6),平面上Li含量总体呈北东(务正道成矿区)、南西(修文-清镇成矿区)高,中间(播州-瓮安成矿区)低的分布态势;剖面上Li主要富集在矿系上部的致密状铝土岩(矿)中,Li含量一般>500×10^-6,矿系中土状铝土矿(岩)Li含量一般<30×10^-6;气候温湿、风化及淋滤作用强的陆相湖泊沉积环境,有利于高岭石为主的黏土矿物形成及Li⁺与Al³⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺发生类质同象,或被吸附进入黏土矿物层间构造同迁移同富集,Li与Al₂O₃含量呈正相关关系;成岩成矿后的次生改造阶段,古地磁测量及CIA显示为炎热潮湿的氧化环境...     

盐湖提锂尾液中锂回收的吸附试验研究

从高镁锂比盐湖提锂生产尾液中回收锂,可实现锂资源高效回收利用,对企业经济效益的提高具有重要意义。以东台吉乃尔盐湖提锂尾液为原料,系统性研究了铝系层状锂吸附剂JW-LAHS对提锂尾液中锂的静态、动态吸附和解吸过程。结果表明,吸附剂的静态吸附容量为7.3 mg/g,镁锂分离因子为27.98;最佳动态吸附条件为床层高度24.8 cm,进料流速3.5 mL/min,此时穿透时间为22.0 min,Li⁺ 吸附率大于95%,饱和时间为210 min,饱和吸附容量达到5.5 mg/g,表明锂吸附剂适合从高镁锂比提锂尾液中回收锂。BDST模型能够准确预测床层穿透时间,误差小于8.61%。使用去离子水进行解吸,增大解吸流速能够加速Li⁺脱出,但对Mg²⁺ 的解吸无明显影响。解吸流速为4.6 mL/min,解吸360 min时,Li⁺ 解吸率为83.25%,总解吸液的镁锂比值为0.7,仅为提锂尾液(80)的0.88%。循环20次后吸附容量仍能保持原来的82%以上,表明锂吸附剂循环稳定性良好。     

海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土表面氯离子浓度计算模型

海洋混凝土结构的表面氯离子浓度反映了海洋氯化物环境的腐蚀作用强度,是海洋混凝土结构耐久性分析和定量设计的重要参数。本文依据国内外不同地区的大量自然暴露试验数据,通过数理统计和回归分析,确定了各种海洋环境条件下表面氯离子浓度的统计特征值,分析了海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土中氯离子的传输机理和积聚规律,揭示了水胶比对混凝土表面氯离子浓度的影响规律,进而综合考虑水胶比、胶凝材料种类和时变特性等因素的影响,建立了海洋潮汐浪溅区混凝土表面氯离子浓度的改进计算模型。结合国内外各种表面氯离子浓度经验模型的预测结果和海洋自然暴露试验的实测数据,对比验证了所建立表面氯离子浓度计算模型的有效性和适用性,为海洋氯化物环境下混凝土结构的耐久性设计和服役寿命分析提供了重要边界条件。     

干湿交替下水分及氯离子在混凝土中传输的细观数值模拟

氯离子侵蚀已成为影响海洋及近海环境中混凝土结构耐久性的主要因素。考虑材料组成的非匀质特性,将混凝土看作由粗骨料、硬化水泥砂浆及二者界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料的细观层次方法,是开展物质传输过程研究的新途径。建立非饱和混凝土中氯离子传输的一维非线性对流扩散方程,并利用伽略金加权余数法给出了该方程的有限元形式,采用适用于物质传输的细观格构网络模型开展了水分及氯离子在非饱和混凝土中传输过程及分布规律研究,分析了干湿循环周期和循环机制对水分及氯离子传输性能的影响规律。数值计算结果表明,干湿交替下,相同的干燥时间,非饱和混凝土内水分及氯离子的侵入深度主要取决于湿润时间,而干燥时间和循环周期数则影响混凝土表层氯离子含量,并在混凝土表层10 mm处有浓度集中现象。