Gaussian mixture–based equivalent linearization method (GM-ELM) for fragility analysis of structures under nonstationary excitations

Gaussian mixture–based equivalent linearization method (GM-ELM) is a recently developed stochastic dynamic analysis approach which approximates the random response of a nonlinear structure by collective responses of equivalent linear oscillators. The Gaussian mixture model is employed to achieve an equivalence in terms of the probability density function (PDF) through the superposition of the response PDFs of the equivalent linear system. This new concept of linearization helps achieve a high level of estimation accuracy for nonlinear responses, but has revealed some limitations: (1) dependency of the equivalent linear systems on ground motion intensity and (2) requirements for stationary condition. To overcome these technical challenges and promote applications of GM-ELM to earthquake engineering practice, an efficient GM-ELM-based fragility analysis method is proposed for nonstationary excitations. To this end, this paper develops the concept of universal equivalent linear system that can estimate the stochastic responses for a range of seismic intensities through an intensity-augmented version of GM-ELM. Moreover, the GM-ELM framework is extended to identify equivalent linear oscillators that could capture the temporal average behavior of nonstationary responses. The proposed extensions generalize expressions and philosophies of the existing response combination formulations of GM-ELM to facilitate efficient fragility analysis for nonstationary excitations. The proposed methods are demonstrated by numerical examples using realistic ground motions, including design code–conforming nonstationary ground motions.     

求解球面拟合的改进总体最小二乘算法

在球面拟合中,系数矩阵和观测向量的误差同源,均来源于球面点坐标。不同位置有相同元素存在,从理论上讲,这些相同元素应该有相同的改正数,并且非线性形式出现在观测向量中。为此,本文推导了一种改进的总体最小二乘算法,可以很好地克服上述问题。通过算例分析发现,本文方法得到的参数估值更为可靠,证明了本文方法的有效性。     

考虑几何非线性的张力腿平台随机响应等效线性化分析

考虑深海柔性张力腿平台的几何非线性特征,建立柔性平台结构非线性随机振动响应分析方法.该方法结合模态分析,把系统隐式的非线性项转化为由模态坐标高次组合表示的显式非线性项,在此基础上引入虚拟激励法,建立结构在随机波浪荷载作用下的等效线性化系统,从而确定结构各非线性随机响应.通过对某一mini-TLP的分析结果和试验实测值的比较,表明该方法具有较好的计算精度和较快的计算速度,能够满足大型结构的非线性随机响应分析要求.通过对不同波高的计算,结果表明张力腿平台在较大波高作用下几何非线性影响显著,忽略这部分的影响,计算结果将会产生很大的误差.     

复杂软土盾构隧道纵向抗震分析

以天津Z2线盾构隧道工程为实例,基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立三维梁-弹簧模型模拟盾构隧道,采用反应位移法对盾构隧道进行纵向抗震分析.根据盾构隧道接头实际情况,计算环间接头弹簧刚度.将地震作用下的自由场最大水平位移幅值,以简谐波的形式施加到盾构隧道轴向和横向.提出一种同时考虑轴向和横向水平地震动耦联效应的方法,通过调...     

A variationally consistent hyperstatic reaction method for tunnel lining design

In this technical note, a consistent finite element formulation of the Hyperstatic Reaction Method (HRM) for tunnel linings design is proposed by introducing a variational consistently linearized formulation. It permits to consider a nonlinear interaction between a lining structure and the surrounding ground. Recent advances of the HRM in regard to the consideration of the nonlinear response of the segmented tunnel lining exposed to design loads use an iterative algorithm for solving the nonlinear system of equations. In the proposed Variationally consistent Hyperstatic Reaction Method (VHRM), a distributed nonlinear spring model representing the interaction between the lining and the ground soils is considered in a variationally consistent format. Computing the tangential spring stiffness via consistent linearization, and using Newton-Raphson iteration, requires significantly smaller number of iterations as compared to the original HRM model based on nodal springs. Furthermore, the method is applicable for simulations using solid finite elements (2D and 3D), as well as beam or finite shell elements, respectively.     

Non‐iterative equivalent linearization of inelastic SDOF systems for earthquakes in Japan and California

The seismic performance of existing structures can be assessed based on nonlinear static procedures, such as the Capacity Spectrum Method. This method essentially approximates peak responses of an inelastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system using peak responses of an equivalent linear SDOF model. In this study, the equivalent linear models of inelastic SDOF systems are developed based on the constant strength approach, which does not require iteration for assessing the seismic performance of existing structures. To investigate the effects of earthquake type and seismic region on the equivalent linear models, four ground‐motion data sets—Japanese crustal/interface/inslab records and California crustal records—are compiled and used for nonlinear dynamic analysis. The analysis results indicate that: (1) the optimal equivalent linear model parameters (i.e. equivalent vibration period ratio and damping ratio) decrease with the natural vibration period, whereas they increase with the strength reduction factor; (2) the impacts of earthquake type and seismic region on the equivalent linear model parameters are not significant except for short vibration periods; and (3) the degradation and pinching effects affect the equivalent linear model parameters. We develop prediction equations for the optimal equivalent linear model parameters based on nonlinear least‐squares fitting, which improve and extend the current nonlinear static procedure for existing structures with degradation and pinching behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the accuracy of simplified methods for the analysis of isolated bridges

To foster the use of seismic isolation in structures, existing guidelines strive to formulate design methods which are simple and accessible to non‐specialized engineers. On the other hand, not all of the simplifying provisions adopted by the norms can be said to have been adequately tested to provide a consistent level of accuracy. The study attempts, in particular, to elucidate three aspects related to the methods of analysis for linear or linearized isolated bridges on which little or no advice can be found in the norms. The first one is about the way one has to account for the fact that damping matrices of isolated bridges are never of proportional type. The present study demonstrates, through a number of typical applications, that classical modal analysis, using real modes and the diagonal terms of the modal damping matrices, still provide a fully acceptable approximation. The second and third aspects are related to the use of linearization expressions extended to the analysis of hyperstatic bridges. Parametric analyses conducted in the study show that none of the formulas in current use gives satisfactory results for both the displacement and the force responses, a requirement for a reliable design of an isolated bridge. How to use the equivalent linear parameters, and in particular the isolators equivalent damping ratios, in the context of a modal analysis, is treated next. This problem is seldom if ever mentioned in the norms where at most a formula is given for constructing modal damping ratios based on the damping ratios of the isolators. A rational, approximate procedure is discussed in this paper, applicable to all types of structures with non‐proportional damping, which in the case of bridges can be shown to reduce to the expression provided in the Japanese bridge design guidelines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

随机变量经非线性变换后统计性质的确定

扩展卡尔曼滤波应用于非线性系统的状态估计时，首先要对系统的动力方程进行线性化，这样就给状态的估计带来一定的误差。文中通过对非线性变换的函数进行级数展开，获得了非线性变换后随机变量的真实均值和协方差的表达式，并得到一阶线性化的形式；然后提出了一种精度更高的变换算法，并从理论上证明了该变换算法较之线性化的做法能够更好地逼近非线性变换后的真实均值和协方差，数值试验也证明了这一点。     

滞变—摩擦基底隔震系统的随机地震反应分析

本建立了滞变－摩擦基底隔震系统在地震作用下的运动微分方程，并将地震地面运动模拟成均值为零的两次过滤Ｇａｕｓｓ白噪声过程。使用等效线性化方法求解了这种隔震系统的地震反应统计特征，并分析了这种隔震系统参数的变化对其反应统计特征的影响。     

基于单位四元数描述的单像空间后方交会

在3维空间里,四元数可以非常方便地表示空间方位、空间向量间的旋转、平移和缩放等关系.将四元数理论引入到摄影测量领域,用单位四元数对坐标旋转矩阵进行描述,提出了一种采用单位四元数描述航摄像片位置与姿态的单张像片空间后方交会新方法.该方法与传统方法相比,在平差时避免了频繁的三角函数运算,不仅收敛速度快,而且精度高.