不同传感器的模拟植被指数对水稻叶面积指数的估测精度和敏感性分析

本研究利用水稻冠层高光谱数据,模拟NOAA-AVHRR,Terra-MODIS和Landsat-TM的可见光波段反射率数据,计算各传感器的多种植被指数(NDVI,RVI,EVI,GNDVI,GRVI和Red-edge RVI),比较植被指数模型对水稻LAI的估测精度,分析不同植被指数对LAI变化的敏感性.相对于红波段植被指数,红边比值植被指数(Red-edge RVI)和绿波段指数GRVI与LAI有更好的线性相关关系,而GNDVI和LAI呈现更好的对数相关关系.MODIS的Red-edge RVI指数不仅模型拟合的精度最高,还有独立数据验证的估测精度也最高,而且它的验证精度较拟合精度下降幅度最小;其次是绿波段构建的GNDVI和GRVI植被指数的估测精度,再次是NDVI和EVI的估测精度,而RVI的估测精度最差.敏感性分析发现,13个植被指数对水稻LAI的估测能力都随着LAI的增加而下降,但归一化类植被指数和比值类植被指数对LAI变化反应的差异明显,归一化类植被指数在LAI较低时(LAI<1.5)对LAI变化的反应开始非常敏感,但迅速下降,而比值类植被指数在LAI较低时,明显小于归一化类植被指数,之后随着LAI的增大(LAI>1.5)比值类植被指数对LAI的变化敏感性,则明显高于归一化类植被指数.Red-edge RVI和绿波段指数GRVI和LAI不仅表现了很好的线性相关关系,而且在LAI大于2.9左右保持较高的敏感性.     

多回波点云数据解算单株木叶面积指数

以行道树无患子为研究目标,采用地面激光扫描(TLS)技术提取单木分回波点云数据。获取全波形数据、单目标数据、首次回波数据、其余次回波数据,建立基于多回波点云的算法,利用消光系数法提取不同投影分辨率0.01 m、0.02 m和0.03 m的的单株树叶面积指数(LAI)。利用2维影像数据数字半球影像(DHP)和LAI2200提取对应单株树的叶面积指数,进行比较分析,以检验其精度。结果表明:点云投影的分辨率与激光回波都对LAI有极显著影响,其中分辨率为0.02 m和0.03 m的估算结果与LAI2200所得估算结果相近,且差异不显著;单目标回波数据用于LAI的解算,可以同LAI2200的2维影像数据结果进行相互验证。使用单目标回波数据,0.02 m投影分辨率可以最大程度的保证单株LAI的精度,其与LAI2200测定的数据进行截距为0的线性回归,斜率达到0.827。本研究所做多回波地面激光数据计算叶面积指数的算法拓展了地面激光扫描的应用领域,为立木生长量信息准确提取和树木精确建模提供了重要的技术参考。     

植被冠层立体结构与叶片倾角的偏振光效应

植被偏振特性研究对于植被监测与组分定量反演具有极其重要的作用。植被冠层的反射辐射具有偏振特性,这种特性与入射辐射和植被冠层结构相关。本文分析了偏振对光子—叶片—冠层之间细微相互作用及其变化的有效探测能力,并利用研究型扫描式偏振辐射仪RSP(Research Scanning Polarimeter)数据系统对比分析了偏振对不同叶倾角分布的估测。通过上述研究得出以下结论:(1)偏振观测能够对光线在冠层立体结构中的透射反射再出射过程给出精细刻画,若不用偏振手段对这一过程进行甄别并去除,则直接测算的植被散射系数会产生高达140%的误差;(2)利用偏振手段可以为高精度大倾角、多时相遥感观测提供可能,以此可改变目前光学遥感小角度、垂直观测的较严格约束;(3)偏振辐射呈现出随波长的稳定特性(相关系数0.96),使得利用偏振手段可以更好地研究冠层结构;(4)不同叶倾角分布对入射辐射存在不同的偏振反射,为利用多角度偏振信息进行遥感植被精细分类提供了新的途径。本文详细描述冠层结构和植被偏振特性的相互作用,通过对冠层立体结构与叶倾角的研究,刻画了植被定量遥感的方向性信息与高精度实现,为高分辨率遥感定量化的有效信息挖掘提供了新手段。     

华北一作区马铃薯生长发育及产量对干旱胁迫响应的模拟研究——以武川县为例

为探究不同程度干旱胁迫对华北一作区马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响,以内蒙古呼和浩特市武川县为例,基于多年马铃薯生长发育资料和气象资料,对APSIM-Potato模型进行调参与验证,评价模型在武川地区的适用性。利用验证后的模型模拟马铃薯叶面积指数（LAI）、地上部生物量和产量对不同发育阶段干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明：（1） 各发育阶段天数的模拟值与实测值的均方根误差（RMSE）均在3 d内;LAI、地上部生物量和产量的模拟值与实测值的归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）分别为12.82%、17.35%和14.48%,均低于20%,表明APSIM-Potato模型在武川地区具有较好的适用性。（2） 随着干旱胁迫时间和强度的增加,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量随之减小。模拟单一发育阶段干旱胁迫时,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量对分枝-开花期水分胁迫的响应最大;模拟连续发育阶段干旱胁迫时,LAI、地上部生物量和产量对全生育期水分胁迫的响应最大。     

Models for Estimation of Single Leaf Area of Mangrove TreesModels Trees based on Leaf Length and Widthbased Width

Leaf area is an important parameter for modeling plant growth and physiological processes.It is very expensive and difficult for measuring leaf area by means of Leaf Area Meter,therefore,it’s quite necessary to obtain one simple model for estimation of leaf area of mangrove tree.The models for estimation of leaf area of 3 species of mangrove trees were developed based on leaf length and width.Totally,leaf area(LA),leaf length(L)and width(W)were measured from 450 fresh leaves of major three species of mangrove trees in Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove National Natural Reserve,Fujian province.The actual leaf area of the plant was measured with the help of ArcGIS software and regression model was fitted.The majority of the data(80%)were used for model calibration,and the remaining data(20%)were used for model validation.All the leaf areas of 3 species of mangrove trees had been significant correlation between L,W,L·W,L2,W2and(L+W)2,so the factors could be constructed into a regression model with leaf area.Six models for estimation of leaf area selected were significantly(p0.001)regressed with L,W and the functions of these dimensions.All models were linear relationships.Based on goodness of fit,prediction ability and residual performance,it was found that model 3 could best describe the relationship between leaf area and leaf length and width.By means of regression analysis,the following models were developed:LA=0.28+0.66L·W(R2=0.980)for Kandelia candel,LA=0.09+0.73L·W(R2=0.983)for Avicennia marina,LA=0.52+0.72L·W(R2=0.990)for Aegiceras corniculatum,respectively.The study provided a simple,reliable and non-destructive method for estimating single leaf area.It had a good potential in the functional structural model of mangrove tree.     

Effects of hydrophobicity on splash erosion of model soil particles by a single water drop impact

Raindrop impact can be a major contributor to particle mobilization for soils and other granular materials. In previous work, water repellent soils, comprised of hydrophobic particles, have been shown to exhibit greater splash erosion losses under multiple drop impact. However, the underlying principle differences in splash behavior between hydrophobic and hydrophilic granular surfaces have not been studied to date. In this study the effects of particle hydrophobicity on splash behaviour by a single water drop impact were examined using high‐speed videography. Water drops (4 mm in diameter) were dropped on beds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic glass beads (sieved range: 350–400 µm), serving as model soil particles. The drop velocity on impact was 2.67 m s^‐1, which corresponds to ~30% of the terminal velocity of a raindrop of similar size. The resulting impact behaviour was measured in terms of the trajectories of particles ejected from the beds and their final resting positions. The response to the impacting water drop was significantly different between hydrophilic and hydrophobic particles in terms of the distance distribution, the median distance travelled by the particles and number of ejected particles. The greater ejection distances of hydrophobic particles were mainly the result of the higher initial velocities rather than differences in ejecting angles. The higher and longer ejection trajectories for hydrophobic particles, compared with hydrophilic particles, indicate that particle hydrophobicity affects splash erosion from the initial stage of rainfall erosion before a water layer may be formed by accumulating drops. The ~10% increase in average splash distance for hydrophobic particles compared with hydrophilic particles suggests that particle hydrophobicity can result in greater net erosion rate, which would be amplified on sloping surfaces, for example, by ridges in ploughed agricultural soils or hillslopes following vegetation loss by clearing or wildfire. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同气候带银杏叶角质层微观特征变化及其古气候意义

以广西桂林、安徽合肥及辽宁沈阳等三地的银杏材料为基础,通过对叶片及叶柄微观形态特征的对比研究,探讨银杏对不同气候带气候条件的响应。结果显示部分微观特征随气候带的变化而发生较为明显的变化。其中,气孔器长度和保卫细胞长宽比随纬度增加而减小,垂周壁宽度、普通表皮细胞长宽比及保卫细胞宽度随纬度增加有不同程度的增大。这些特征与其所生长环境中的湿度和降水因素可能有较大关系,并为地史时期银杏化石的相关古气候研究提供参考资料。     

基于因果网络的黄河流域植被变化归因分析

人类与自然耦合系统是一个充满大量非线性互馈关系的复杂巨系统。当前对系统内单要素和静态特征的研究,虽有助于理解某个时刻的系统状态,却不能完整地表达其内部不同要素间错综复杂的关联。论文着眼于黄河流域区县尺度植被变化归因(以叶面积指数LAI作为表征植被的指标),综合利用人类—自然耦合系统多源数据和因果诊断方法,构建黄河流域LAI复杂因果网络。通过复杂网络统计方法对网络节点、结构特征进行分解,揭示影响流域LAI变化的关键要素及其空间分布特征。研究结果表明：(1) 1990—2018年流域LAI以1.3%/a的速率增长,增长速率在空间上由东南向西北逐渐递减。(2)在网络视角下,降水量、气温、饱和水汽压差、农业用地、城镇化率和粮食产量为影响流域LAI变化的关键要素。(3)自然要素(如降水量和气温等)主导了流域内259个区县的LAI变化;社会经济(如城镇化率和粮食产量等)和土地利用类型(如林地和草地等)要素主导了流域内76个区县的LAI变化,主要集中于黄土高原且影响强度远大于自然要素。研究在人类—自然耦合系统框架下构建了黄河流域植被变化多层互馈网络,综合认知流域植被演变的自然和社会驱动力,为理解自然...     

东寨港红树林凋落叶附生小型底栖动物的群落特征及影响因素

小型底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分,研究红树林小型底栖动物群落的群落特征,对于了解其生物多样性、监测和评价红树林生态系统的健康具有重要意义。本研究于2020年11月对海南省东寨港红树林国家级自然保护区的五个典型红树林的凋落叶附生小型底栖动物及其沉积物环境进行了调查采样,研究凋落叶附生小型底栖动物群落特征及其影响因素。共发现十二个小型底栖动物类群,自由生活海洋线虫类和底栖桡足类相对丰度分别为67.67%和29.31%。凋落叶附生小型底栖动物的平均丰度为5.27±3.35 ind·g^–1,平均生物量为4.94±2.35μg dwt·g^–1。凋落叶附生小型底栖动物的丰度与生物量在不同红树林间差异显著,白骨壤、红海榄群落的丰度和生物量较高,混合红树群落的丰度和生物量最低。丰度、生物量与凋落叶可溶性缩合单宁含量、沉积物分选系数显著负相关,与偏态系数显著正相关。BIOENV分析结果显示沉积物叶绿素a含量、凋落物纤维素缩合单宁含量、沉积物分选系数和偏态系数的环境因子组合能最好地解释小型底栖动物的群落结构。本研究结果可为加深对红树林生态系统的整体认识...