河流碳循环对全球变化的响应与反馈

河流连接陆地生态系统和海洋两大活动碳库,构成全球碳循环的一个关键环节。河流碳的输出及循环过程与近岸水域环境、海洋碳库变动及全球气候系统紧密相关。有机碳在全球碳循环系统中处于核心地位,了解河流有机碳通量及性质变化是目前河流碳循环研究的重要内容之一。流域面积的大小及气候和环境性质的差异对河流碳的输移及循环过程影响显著。目前,亚洲季风流域尤其是众多的小流域缺乏系统的有关悬移质生源要素的信息。陆地侵蚀-沉积过程控制着河流碳的主要来源和归宿。当前,人类活动主宰着陆地的侵蚀-沉积状况,这在很大程度上表现为加速了陆地生态系统碳库的扰动与再沉积,并加强了河流向海洋的碳输送。     

Modeling and Analysis of Airlift System Operating in Three-Phase Flow

Based on the momentum theorem, the fluid governing equation in a lifting pipe is proposed by use of the method combining theoretical analysis with empirical correlations related to the previous research, and the performance of an airlift pump can be clearly characterized by the triangular relationship among the volumetric flux of air, water and solid particles, which are obtained respectively by using numerical calculation. The meso-scale river sand is used as tested particles to examine the theoretical model. Results of the model are compared with the data in three-phase flow obtained prior to the development of the present model, by an independent experimental team that used the physical conditions of the present approach. The analytical error can be controlled within 12% for predicting the volumetric flux of water and is smaller than that (±16%) of transporting solid particles in three-phase flow. The experimental results and computations are in good agreement for air?water two-phase flow within a margin of ±8%. Reasonable agreement justifies the use of the present model for engineering design purposes.     

Functional roles of interzonal migrating mesozooplankton in the western subarctic Pacific

Grazing experiments and production estimation based on life-history analysis of Neocalanus copepods (N. cristatus, N. plumchrus and N. flemingeri) were carried out in the Oyashio region to understand the carbon flows associated with the interzonal migrating copepods. These copepods, and also Eucalanus bungii, fed on nano- and micro-sized organisms non-selectively throughout the season. However, diatoms were the dominant food resource until May and organisms, such as ciliates were the major resource after May. Daily growth rate was estimated from the Ikeda–Motoda, Huntley–Lopez and Hirst–Sheader models. Since the growth rates were considered to be overestimates for the Huntley–Lopez model and underestimates for the other two models, we applied the weight-specific growth rates previously reported for these species in the Bering Shelf. Surface biomass of Neocalanus increased rapidly in June during the appearance of C5, and a successive increase of overwintering stock was evident in the deeper layer. The deep biomass decreased gradually from September to May during the dormant and reproduction period. N. cristatus has the largest annual mean biomass (2.3 gC m⁻²), followed by N. plumchrus (1.1) and N. flemingeri (0.4). Daily production rate of Neocalanus varied from 0.4 to 363.4 mgC m⁻² day⁻¹, to which N. cristatus was the largest contributor. Annual production was estimated as 11.5 gC m⁻² year⁻¹ for N. cristatus, 5.7 for N. plumchrus and 2.1 for N. flemingeri, yielding annual P/B ratio of 5 for each species. The annual production of Neocalanus accounted for 13.2% of the primary production in the Oyashio region. Their fecal pellets were estimated to account for 14.9% (0.7 gC m⁻² year⁻¹) of sinking flux of organic carbon at 1000-m depth. Moreover, their export flux by ontogenetic vertical migration, which is not measured by sediment trap observations, is estimated to be 91.5% (4.3 gC m⁻² year⁻¹) of carbon flux of sinking particles at 1000-m depth. These results suggest the important role of interzonal migrating copepods in the export flux of carbon.     

1993~1996年南海中部海洋沉降颗粒通量的季节和年际变化

通过对南海中部1993~1996年获得的浅层和深层时间系列沉积物捕获器的样品分析,发现了稳定同位素值、颗粒总通量、碳酸盐、生物蛋白石、有机碳、表层初级生产力、浮游有孔虫总通量和属种的分布存在明显的季节性变化,其通量都是在东北季风和西南季风盛行期出现高值,在季风转向期出现低值.浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides sacculifer,G.ruber,Globigerinita glutinata,Neo-globoquadrina dutertrei等种的通量和相对百分含量也是在东北季风和西南季风盛行期都出现高值,但Globigerina bulloides,Globorotalia menardii和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata等种则在东北季风盛行期出现高值.分析还发现Globigerinoides sacculifer和Globorotalia menardii等种的通量和百分含量以及有孔虫总通量和碳酸盐通量等从1993到1996年存在下降趋势,而Globigerina.bulloides和Globigerinita glutinata的通量和百分含量以及生物蛋白石通量等在该期间显示为上升趋势.浅层捕获器样品中的碳酸盐和有机碳的通量比深层的高.研究表明海洋沉降通量和浮游有孔虫属种的季节和年际变化主要受与东亚季风相关的表层初级生产力和海洋水文条件变化所控制,深层捕获器样品中的碳酸盐和有机碳的通量低应与碳酸盐溶解作用有关.     

Global air-sea surface carbon dioxide transfer velocity and flux estimated using 17 a altimeter data and a new algorithm

The global distributions of the air-sea CO2 transfer velocity and flux are retrieved from TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason altimeter data from October 1992 to December 2009 using a combined algorithm. The 17 a average global, area-weighted, Schmidt number-corrected mean gas transfer velocity is 21.26 cm/h, and the full exploration of the uncertainty of this estimate awaits further data. The average total CO2 flux （calculated by carbon） from atmosphere to ocean during the 17 a was 2.58 Pg/a. The highest transfer velocity is in the circumpolar current area, because of constant high wind speeds and currents there. This results in strong CO2 fluxes. CO2 fluxes are strong but opposite direction in the equatorial east Pacific Ocean, because the air-sea CO2 partial pressure difference is the largest in the global cceans. The results differ from the previous studies calculated using the wind speed. It is demonstrated that the air-sea transfer velocity is very important for estimating air-sea CO2 flux. It is critical to have an accurate estimation for improving calculation of CO2 flux within climate change studies.     

应用涡动相关法计算水热、CO2通量的国内外进展概况

目前涡动相关法被认为是国内外测定CO2、水热通量的最可靠方法。国外应用此方法解决了均匀下垫面假设下森林和农田等生态系统的CO2、水热通量的计算问题，目前致力于非理想下垫面（真实地形）的CO2、水热通量的计算。而国内应用涡动相关技术起步较晚，用此方法测定水热通量已有一定的知识积累，但测定CO2通量还处于资料收集阶段。我国自然生态系统、环境外交和社会经济可持续发展都要求精确查明我国CO2的时空变化特征和动力学机制，这应是今后研究的重点，并提出了应用该方法存在的主要问题及可能的解决方法，指出值得深入研究的领域。     

围垦对舟山群岛海域潮流结构及潮能分布影响研究

舟山群岛海域潮能丰富,近年来大面积的围垦工程影响了邻近海域的潮流结构与潮能分布特征。基于FVCOM(finite volume coastal ocean model)三维水动力数值模型,选取1984年、2010年、2019年三个代表年份,探讨围垦工程影响下舟山群岛海域潮流结构与潮能分布的时空变化状况。结果显示:1984年至2010年间围垦面积相对不大,且较为分散,主要改变外海进入杭州湾各通道的潮能分配,对能量耗散的影响较小。2010年至2019年间的围垦工程缩窄了潮汐通道,流速增大使得螺头水道及邻近水道的潮能增加,近底流速增大与较强湍流涡旋的产生,使得围垦工程周边海域能量耗散更为集中。     

欧亚中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游夏季降水的可能联系

利用国家气候中心提供的中国区域753站降水观测资料、ECMWF逐月地表感热通量再分析资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,讨论了欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游夏季降水之间的联系及其相关的物理机制。分析发现欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游地区夏季降水存在显著的正相关:感热偏强期,长江中下游夏季降水偏多;感热偏弱期,长江中下游夏季降水偏少。春季感热异常偏强时,夏季东亚副热带西风急流主体位置偏东、强度偏强、范围偏大,长江中下游地区主要受辐合上升气流控制,水汽输送条件好,降水异常偏多。而春季感热偏弱时,情况大致相反,则夏季降水异常偏少。研究表明欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热通量异常变化对我国长江中下游夏季降水预测具有一定的指示意义。     

新月形沙丘表面100cm高度内风沙流输沙量垂直分布函数分段拟合

为研究新月形沙丘表面不同层位风沙流输沙量的垂直分布函数,实测了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地典型新月形沙丘表面100 cm高度内(以1 cm分隔)的输沙量。分段拟合分析表明:新月形沙丘迎风坡脚输沙量垂直分布规律不完全服从指数函数,出现与戈壁风沙流结构特征相似的"象鼻效应",在0~3 cm区间内输沙量逐渐增大,3cm以上输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减;沙丘顶部0~10 cm区间输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减,10 cm以上呈二次函数衰减;沙丘左翼端输沙量随高度呈幂函数分布,沙丘右翼端0~20 cm内以指数函数衰减,20 cm以上呈三次函数衰减;沙丘背风坡脚风沙流输沙量在0~60 cm和60 cm以上分别呈不同形式的三次函数分布。     

西北内陆河流域“自然—社会—贸易”三元水循环模式解析

持续的强人类活动大大改变了流域水循环演变的结构、路径和驱动力,后者又反过来影响着人类生存发展的水安全。日益深入的市场经济使人类活动对水循环的影响从一个流域扩展到流域之外更宽广的区域范围,以产品贸易为纽带的水“流动”已成为驱动区域水循环演变与影响区域水安全的重要内在因素。以流域为单元的传统水循环研究,难以揭示不同区域之间的水循环联系、双向回馈机制与协同进化机理。本文从西北内陆河流域长期大量输出高耗水农产品这一现象分析入手,采用理论解析与案例相结合方法,阐述分析内陆河流域自然水循环、“自然—社会”二元水循环、区域间贸易水循环的基本过程、显著特征及其驱动机制,继而首次明确提出内陆河流域“自然—社会—贸易”三元水循环模式,并就其通量计量模型、影响因素与生态环境效应、科学前沿进行了探索分析,以便未来西北内陆河水循环、水文水资源等研究能更多重视对驱动内陆河流域水循环的外部力量及其双向互馈、协同进化的分析,更新内陆河流域水安全、生态安全的思考范式。