甘肃南祁连党河南山中奥陶世火山岩的地球化学特征

甘肃南祁连褶皱带党河南山地区中奥陶世火山岩的岩石学和微量元素、稀土元素的地球化学等研究证明,本区火山岩由基性火山岩和中性火山岩组成。其中,基性火山岩分属碱性玄武岩系列和拉斑玄武岩系列;而中性火山岩为一套钙碱性安山岩,二者均具有低钾、高钠的特点。这些火山岩的稀上元素配分曲线均属于轻稀土富集型,(w(La)／W(Yb))_N=2.73～7777,(w(La)／w(Sm))_N=1.43～3.21,(w(Gd)／w(Yb))_N=1.01～1.92．明显地表现为轻稀土元素配分曲线陡倾,而重稀土元素配分曲线相对平坦的特征。微量元素配分曲线图表现为大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf及Ti不同程度的亏损。这些岩石学和地球化学的特征证明本区火山岩形成于岛弧环境。     

内蒙古正镶白旗碎斑熔岩长石特征及其岩石学意义

正镶白旗碎斑熔岩是一种特殊成因的火山岩,是岩浆沿火山通道侵出地表的产物。碎斑熔岩中钾长石主要为低透长石、高正长石、中正长石和中正微长石;斜长石则以更长石为主,其有序度低,指示了岩石高温火山成因的特征。从岩体边缘相到中心相至根部相,长石类型、化学成分和有序度具有一定的变化规律,反映了岩体不同岩相带成岩条件的差异性。     

Effects of eruption history and cooling rate on lava dome growth

To better understand the factors controlling the shapes of lava domes, laboratory simulations, measurements from active and prehistoric flows and dimensional analysis were used to explore how effusion history and cooling rate affect the final geometry of a dome. Fifty experiments were conducted in which a fixed volume of polyethylene glycol wax was injected into a tank of cold sucrose solution, either as one continuous event or as a series of shorter pulses separated by repose periods. When the wax cooling rates exceeded a critical minimum value, the dome aspect ratios (height/diameter) increased steadily with erupted volume over the course of a single experiment and the rate at which height increased with volume depended linearly on the time-averaged effusion rate. Thus the average effusion rate could be estimated from observations of how the dome shape changed with time. Our experimental results and dimensional analyses were compared with several groups of natural lava flows: the recently emplaced Mount St Helens and Soufrière domes, which had been carefully monitored while active; three sets of prehistoric rhyolite domes that varied in eruptive style and shape; and two sets of Holocene domes with similar shapes, but different compositions. Geometric measurements suggest that dome morphology can be directly correlated with effusion rate for domes of similar composition from the same locality, and that shape alone can be related to a dimensionless number comparing effusion rate and cooling rate. Extrapolation to the venusian pancake domes suggests that they formed from relatively viscous lavas extruded either episodically or at average effusion rates low enough to allow solidified surface crust to exert a dominating influence on the final morphology.     

First representative of the genus Helius Lepeletier and Serville, 1828 (Diptera,Limoniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Álava amber (Spain)

Helius alavensis sp. nov., one of the oldest representative of the genus Helius Lepeletier and Serville, 1828 (Diptera: Limoniidae), is described from the Álava amber (Lower Cretaceous, upper Albian), northern Spain. This is the first representative of the subfamily Limoniinae and of the genus Helius described from this fossil resin.     

The buckling of GRP hemi-ellipsoidal dome shells under external hydrostatic pressure

The paper reports on a theoretical and an experimental investigation into six GRP hemi-ellipsoidal dome shells, which were tested to destruction under external hydrostatic pressure. All six domes were of oblate shape and of three different aspect ratios. Each aspect ratio consisted of two dome shells, one made from two layers of glass fibre and one made from three layers of glass fibre. The theoretical analysis was via the finite element method where a non-linear theory was used which allowed for both geometrical and material non-linearity. Comparison between theory and experiment was good.     

长英质富晶体火山岩成因——岩浆补给与晶粥再活化

火山是人类窥探深部岩浆系统的窗口。从全球范围来看,贫晶体富熔体的火山岩(尤其是玄武岩和流纹岩)大面积出露,而富晶体的长英质火山岩仅出露于破火山周围。长英质富晶体火山岩主要可分为两类：一类是成分和晶体含量均一的火山岩;另一类是成分和斑晶含量分带的火山岩。富晶体火山岩是冷储存晶粥接受岩浆反复补给后重熔、再活化,重新具备流动能力而喷发形成的,储库中先存物质的成分决定了再活化形成的富晶体火山岩的类型。富晶体火山岩的存在能够很好地解释岩浆储库具有较长的寿命而岩浆汇聚结晶的过程却是迅速的这种看似矛盾的现象。虽然近年来长英质富晶体火山岩的研究已经取得了明显的进展,但仍有许多问题亟待解决,如碎斑熔岩的成因,如何判别晶粥活化,晶粥再活化与火山喷发的关系,岩浆补给和晶粥活化的时间尺度等。对富晶体火山岩的进一步研究将有助于深入揭示熔体演化、运移、在浅部的聚集和喷发的机制,并可为建立更完善的长英质岩浆演化模型提供更多信息。     

≥3700 Ma pre-metamorphic dolomite formed by microbial mediation in the Isua supracrustal belt (W. Greenland): Simple evidence for early life?

Chemical (meta)sedimentary rocks in the amphibolite facies ≥3700 Ma Isua supracrustal belt (W. Greenland) are mostly strongly deformed, so there is only a small chance of the survival of features such as stromatolites or microfossils that would be direct proof of a ≥3700 Ma biosphere. Therefore the search for evidence of ≥3700 Ma life in Isua rocks has focused on chemical signatures, particularly C-isotopes. The new approach presented here is based on whole rock chemistry rather than isotopic signatures. Isua chemical sedimentary rocks have Ca–Mg–Fe bulk compositions that coincide with ferroan dolomite – siderite/Fe-oxide mixtures. Most have low Al₂O₃, TiO₂ contents (<0.5 and <0.05 wt% respectively) showing minimal contamination from terriginous materials. Identical seawater-like REE + Y shale-normalised trace element signatures with La, Ce, Eu and Y positive anomalies are found in magnetite-rich banded iron formation (BIF – such as the geochemical standard IF-G), dolomite-rich rocks and quartz–carbonate–calc-silicate rocks. Additionally from a rare, small area of low deformation in Isua, there are ∼3700 Ma pillow lava interstices consisting of quartz + tremolite + calcite derived from pre-metamorphic dolomite + silica. Thus the dolomite in the chemical sediments and the pillow interstice was part of the pre-metamorphic assemblage, and was deposited from seawater and/or low-temperature groundwater (as shown by the REE + Y chemistry). Therefore, at least some Isua carbonate rocks are sedimentary or diagenetic in origin rather than being formed by metasomatism at 600–500 °C as proposed by Rose et al. (1996. American Journal of Science 296, 1004–1044).     

俯冲带的锂同位素特征

近年来,由于分析手段的不断改进,锂同位素的精确测试才得以实现。锂以其分馏大、中度不相容、易随流体迁移、地表环境与地幔锂同位素特征差异明显等优势,被认为是极具潜力的示踪元素。目前,锂同位素在壳幔物质循环、风化作用、岩浆作用、流体(热液)活动等方面研究中已得到广泛的应用,其中又以俯冲带锂同位素的研究程度最高。本文主要从锂同位素分馏机理、俯冲带锂的行为特征、岛弧岩浆的锂同位素研究以及深俯冲作用过程中锂的行为等方面总结了当前国内外锂同位素的研究进展。     

Sulfur dioxide emissions from Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): case study of a high-emission rate, passively degassing erupting volcano

Popocatépetl volcano in central Mexico has been erupting explosively and effusively for almost 4 years. SO₂ emission rates from this volcano have been the largest ever measured using a COSPEC. Pre-eruptive average SO₂ emission rates (2–3 kt/d) were similar to the emission rates measured during the first part of the eruption (up to August 1995) in contrast with the effusive–explosive periods (March 1996–January 1998) during which SO₂ emission rates were higher by a factor of four (9–13 kt/d). Based on a chronology of the eruption and the average SO₂ emission rates per period, the total SO₂ emissions (up to 1 January 1998) are estimated to be about 9 Mt, roughly half as much as the SO₂ emissions from Mount Pinatubo in a shorter period. Popocatépetl volcano is thus considered as a high-emission rate, passively degassing eruptive volcano. SO₂ emission rates and SO₂ emissions are used here to make a mass balance of the erupted magma and related gases. Identified excess SO₂ is explained in terms of continuous degassing of unerupted magma and magma mixing. Fluctuations in SO₂ emission rate may be a result of convection and crystallization in the chamber or the conduits, cleaning and sealing of the plumbing system, and/or SO₂ scrubbing by the hydrothermal system.     

Discovery of a recurrent lava lake on Saunders Island (South Sandwich Islands) using AVHRR imagery

Monitoring of the remote South Sandwich Islands volcanic arc, using advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data, has identified a radiant pixel on channels 3 (3.55–3.93 μm) and (rarely) 4 (10.3–11.3 μm). The position of the pixel is coincident with Mount Michael, Saunders Island, the active summit crater of a snow-covered basaltic stratovolcano with a persistent steam plume. The radiant pixel was continuously present in successive AVHRR images acquired during intervals of several months in the period examined (March 1995–February 1998), although apparently disappearing for similar time intervals. More than 5000 images were examined during this study. The radiant pixel is interpreted to indicate that the crater has contained a lava lake, the first to be recorded in the South Sandwich Islands. The lake appears to persist in the crater for several months at a time, at least. It may have drained completely at times and was probably absent when the crater was viewed briefly during an overflight in January 1997. Persistent or recurring lava lakes are very uncommon world-wide and that at Mount Michael is one of only two recorded in the Antarctic region.