2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮迁移发展规律与营养盐相互关系探究

根据2018年4月(春季,绿潮前期)和7月(夏季,绿潮后期) 南黄海营养盐、温度、盐度等水文参数及每日绿潮卫星监测数据,深入分析2018年绿潮的发展规律与营养盐结构特征之间的关系。结果表明：4月25在江苏南通外海首次发现浒苔绿潮,8月中旬在山东半岛近海消亡,其发展区域集中在122°E以西近海,且快速增殖阶段处在35°N以南江苏近海。各组分的营养盐浓度受沿岸径流、冷水团及生物作用等因素影响,均呈现江苏近海高外海以及北部低的特征。对比绿潮发展和营养盐分布呈现3个明显的绿潮−营养盐特征区域：高营养盐−绿潮快速发展区域(35°N以南,122°E 以西,江苏近海);低营养盐−绿潮消亡区域(35°N以北,122°E 以西,山东半岛外海域)及122°E以东外海无绿潮区域。不同特征区营养盐变化表明,江苏近岸较高的营养盐含量(${\rm{NO}}_3^- $-N>6.5 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P>0.27 μmol/L)和丰富来源是浒苔萌发和绿潮快速发展的重要物质基础,为绿潮发展提供了主要的氮、磷生源要素。北部山东半岛南外海较低的营养盐水平(7月,DIN<2 μmol/L, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P<0.03 μmol/L)是限制绿潮继续发展的重要因素。     

北冰洋冰下环境噪声：长期冰站观测结果

本文利用中国第9次北极科学考察长期冰站自容水听器记录的数据对北冰洋冰下环境噪声进行了研究。通过对两段7秒长的冰层引起的噪声的时频分析表明：无论是冰层碰撞噪声还是冰层破裂噪声在时域都存在大量的峰值点（呈现脉冲特性）,在频域都存在丰富的频率分量。冰层碰撞噪声可以持续数秒,而冰层破裂噪声的持续时间要短得多（小于几十毫秒）。本文采用高斯分布和对称alpha稳态分布来拟合冰下脉冲噪声。对称alpha稳态分布可以跟踪脉冲噪声的重尾,从而获得更好的性能,而高斯分布则效果不佳。本文还分析了冰下环境噪声观测试验期间采集到的气象参数,推断出冰下脉冲噪声是由较高的风速和升高的大气温度共同作用于冰层造成的。本文还研究了冰下环境噪声长期的功率谱密度变化与气象参数之间的皮尔逊相关系数。     

西-亚北极锋季节及年际特征分析

基于1982-2016年的OISST资料分析了西-亚北极锋(The Western Subarctic front,WSAF;37°N-45°N,146°E-152°E)强度与位置的季节及年际变化特征,结果表明:冬季WSAF强度最大,平均位置最靠南;夏季WSAF强度最小,平均位置最靠北;春秋两季WSAF强度、平均位置相当,位于冬夏之间;1982-2016年,WSAF强度逐渐增强,分布位置逐渐缓慢南移;各季节WSAF强度最大值稳定位于149°E附近,WSAF平均位置自西向东不断北移。在此基础上,分析了不同季节WSAF强度与黑潮-亲潮交汇区(The Kuroshio-Oyashio Confluence Region,KOCR)内水体性质的关系:KOCR内黑潮水特征显著时WSAF强度小,黑潮水特征不显著时WSAF强度大;利用EOF分析探寻了WSAF强度年际变化与KOCR内海温的关系:不同季节内WSAF年际变化与KOCR内海温相关性不显著,春、夏、秋季,随着KOCR内海温升高,WSAF强度减弱,而冬季WSAF强度随KOCR内海温升高而增强。     

A numerical investigation of influence of low-plasticity fines in sand on lateral response of piles

Abstract

Experimental evidence suggests that sands containing non-plastic or low-plasticity fines may show either decreasing or increasing shear strength with increasing fines content in certain situations. Accordingly, the presence of low-plasticity fines can significantly affect the ultimate lateral soil resistance; thus low-plasticity fines can affect the lateral response of piles. In this study, a quantitative method is proposed for determining the effect of low-plasticity fines in sand on the lateral response of piles in sand by combining a strain wedge model and a unified critical state compatible (UCSC) framework. An equivalent granular state parameter is employed in the UCSC framework to define the soil state uniquely in the strain wedge. The proposed quantitative method is incorporated in a finite element program. A series of numerical analyses are performed on a laterally loaded pile embedded in various relative densities of the base (clean) sand, to which various quantities of low-plasticity fines are added. The effect of low-plasticity fines on the lateral response is investigated. Furthermore, the effect of the low-plasticity fines on the response of the strain wedge is discussed.     

Experimental study on the coefficient of lateral pressure at rest for calcareous soils

Abstract

The coefficient of lateral pressure at rest (k₀) is a key parameter required to determine the horizontal stress distribution on subsoils. In this paper, k₀ was measured from consolidation test for calcareous and siliceous sand, and the effect of water contents on k₀ of calcareous sand was also discussed. Comparison of k₀ values measured and calculated based on empirical formulas were carried on. Results indicated that (1) the reduction rate of k₀ for calcareous sand with an increase in relative density was less than that of siliceous sand. The k₀ at low water content was generally smaller than that of siliceous sand, and it was similar to that of siliceous sand for high-water content; (2) the k₀ of calcareous sand increased with increasing initial water content initially, and then decreasing. However, the magnitude of variation was small. So the impact of water content on the k₀ of calcareous sand was limited; (3) the formulas proposed by Abdelhamid and Krizek (1976 Abdelhamid, M. S., and R. J. Krizek. 1976. At-Rest Lateral Earth Pressure of Consolidating Clay. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division 102 (7): 721–738. [Google Scholar]) for estimation of the k₀ was highly applicable to calcareous fine sand.

• Highlights

• The k₀ of calcareous fine sand was investigated.

• The k₀ of calcareous and siliceous sand were compared.

• Shape parameters of sand particles for calcareous and siliceous sand were analyzed.

• Effects of related density and initial water content on the k₀ were discussed, respectively.

• The applicability of various empirical formulas for calculating k₀ of calcareous fine sand was evaluated.

     

云南省降雪特征分析

阐述了云南降雪形成的山地环境因子．同时运用统计方法对云南1980-2000年降雪的时间与地域空间的格局变化进行分析,初步把云南降雪区域划分为滇西北高山常年-长期降雪区、滇中-滇东北山原季节降雪区、滇西-滇东南山地少降雪区和滇南-滇西南无降雪区．     

现浇板对RC框架结构抗震性能影响的试验研究

为了解现浇板对RC框架结构抗震性能的影响,对两个框架结构进行了水平低周反复荷载试验,分析了其破坏形态、滞回性能、骨架曲线和刚度退化等性能。结果表明:现浇板的存在,提高了框架结构的承载能力,耗能能力变化不大,变形能力降低,破坏机制使其由"强柱弱梁"变为"强梁弱柱"。     

考虑初始应力的坑侧土体真三轴试验研究

针对基坑开挖过程中坑侧土体的应力路径,采用真三轴仪进行考虑初始应力状态下侧向卸荷试验,并与常规三轴试验以及轴向加荷真三轴试验结果进行对比分析,结果表明： 曲线类似于常规三轴剪切试验的 曲线,呈双曲线关系;由于中主应力的影响,土体的初始强度得到提高,真三轴加荷试验初始切线斜率总是大于常规三轴试验的初始斜率;在侧向卸荷的条件下,土体可以在相对小的应变下发生破坏,加荷路径下破坏,土体应力强度要大于卸荷路径。     

砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的计算

桩侧极限摩阻力是砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的主要组成部分,作为计算桩侧极限摩阻力的关键参数--土侧压力系数K的取值合理与否直接影响到单桩抗拔极限承载力计算的准确度。首先,基于密砂和松砂中的桩在上拔破坏时桩侧土压力分别呈被动和主动状态,同时考虑桩侧摩阻力和桩身表面粗糙度的影响,分别推导了不同相对密实度砂土中的土侧压力系数。然后,利用所得到的土侧压力系数并考虑桩侧单位摩阻力发挥的临界深度,按沿桩-土界面发生圆柱状剪切破坏模式建立了砂土中单桩抗拔极限承载力的计算方法。最后,利用该方法对已有的抗拔桩试验结果进行分析和比较,结果表明计算值与实测值吻合较好。     

我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖遥感调查与编目

随着我国新一期冰川编目工作的进行和深入,开展全国范围内的冰湖编目已提上日程。基于278幅大比例尺地形图(20世纪70-80年代)、38景ASTER影像和7景TM(2004-2008年),通过建立冰湖编目规范,对我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖进行遥感调查与编目,分析近30年来冰湖的分布及其变化特征。结果显示:(1)本区2004-2008年间共有冰湖1680个,总面积215.28km²;(2)近30年来我国喜马拉雅山地区冰湖变化总体呈现数量减少、面积增大的趋势,数量减少了4%;总面积增大了29%;(3)近30年来有294个冰湖消失,新增加224个冰湖,变化最快的为冰碛湖,在消失的冰湖中66%为冰碛湖,新增加的冰湖中88%为冰碛湖。进一步分析表明冰湖面积增加是气候变暖、冰川退缩和冰川加速消融的产物。