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The 2004 Chuetsu earthquakes of Niigata (Japan) triggered numerous landslides, and the most widespread types of landslides
were highly disrupted, relatively shallow slides and soil (debris) flows. This paper presented a method to evaluate slope
instability using Newmark displacement on a pixel-by-pixel basis in a given area. The proposed method was able to integrate
Newmark displacement modeling and Monte Carlo simulations within geographical information systems. In the modeling, an empirical
attenuation relationship was utilized to calculate Arias intensity over this study area, and the variability of geotechnical
parameters was taken into account to calculate coseismic landslide displacement. Before deriving the displacement from related
inputs, the Monte Carlo simulations ran 1,500 times and generated 1,500 displacement values for each grid cell, and then means
and standard deviations of displacement were calculated and probabilistic distributions can be obtained. Finally, given 10 cm
as a threshold value of displacement, estimated probabilities of displacement exceeding 10 cm were shown as a map of seismic
landslide hazards. The resulting hazard map was classified into four categories from very low to high level. 相似文献
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Hydrocyclones are widely used in the mining and chemical industries. An attempt has been made in this study, to develop a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) model, which is capable of predicting the flow patterns inside the hydrocyclone, including accurate prediction of flow split as well as the size of the air-core. The flow velocities and air-core diameters are predicted by DRSM (differential Reynolds stress model) and LES (large eddy simulations) models were compared to experimental results. The predicted water splits and air-core diameter with LES and RSM turbulence models along with VOF (volume of fluid) model for the air phase, through the outlets for various inlet pressures were also analyzed. The LES turbulence model led to an improved turbulence field prediction and thereby to more accurate prediction of pressure and velocity fields. This improvement was distinctive for the axial profile of pressure, indicating that air-core development is principally a transport effect rather than a pressure effect. 相似文献
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S-S. Xu A. F. Nieto-Samaniego S. A. Alaniz-Álvarez L. G. Velasquillo-Martínez 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(5):841-853
The power-law exponent (n) in the equation: D=cL
n
, with D = maximum displacement and L = fault length, would be affected by deviations of fault trace length. (1) Assuming n=1, numerical simulations on the effect of sampling and linkage on fault length and length–displacement relationship are done in this paper. The results show that: (a) uniform relative deviations, which means all faults within a dataset have the same relative deviation, do not affect the value of n; (b) deviations of the fault length due to unresolved fault tip decrease the values of n and the deviations of n increase with the increasing length deviations; (c) fault linkage and observed dimensions either increase or decrease the value of n depending on the distribution of deviations within a dataset; (d) mixed deviations of the fault lengths are either negative or positive and cause the values of n to either decrease or increase; (e) a dataset combined from two or more datasets with different values of c and orders of magnitude also cause the values of n to deviate. (2) Data including 19 datasets and spanning more than eight orders of fault length magnitudes (10−2–105 m) collected from the published literature indicate that the values of n range from 0.55 to 1.5, the average value being 1.0813, and the peak value of n
d (double regression) is 1.0–1.1. Based on above results from the simulations and published data, we propose that the relationship between the maximum displacement and fault length in a single tectonic environment with uniform mechanical properties is linear, and the value of n deviated from 1 is mainly caused by the sampling and linkage effects. 相似文献