物质组成特征对碎石土斜坡变形破坏影响研究

为研究物质组成空间分布特征对降雨下碎石土斜坡变形破坏的影响,以不同成因碎石土斜坡的特点为依照,进行了4种物质组成空间分布的碎石土斜坡模型及1种均质斜坡模型试验。结果表明,物质组成空间分布特征对降雨下碎石土斜坡变形破坏所发挥的作用与降雨入渗方向和应力调整方向有重要关系。当土料变化方向与入渗方向大角度相交且与应力调整方向相同时,斜坡渗透性为土料各自的渗透性,斜坡力学性质偏向于组成土料力学性质的最大值。当土料变化方向与入渗方向相同且与应力调整方向大角度相交时,斜坡渗透性接近组成土料渗透性的最小值,斜坡变形破坏受控于其中的软弱土料。降雨下斜坡各处均发生变形,且变形向周围调整并产生影响。破裂面更易发于软弱土料中。该研究有助于斜坡灾害勘察、预测评价及防治向精细化方向发展。     

北美非常规油气超长水平井优快钻井技术及实例分析

非常规油气田开发中,超长水平井应用广泛。近几年中国国内各油气田在超长水平井钻井技术上相继有重大突破,但在优快钻井方面,有待进一步提高技术的有效性和可重复性。北美非常规油气开发较早,优快钻井技术已经非常成熟,超过3000 m的超长水平井也相当普遍,而且钻井效率明显高于国内同类型井。本文针对北美超长水平井先进的钻井设备、钻井设计、井下工具、施工参数以及施工操作和管理等方面,结合美国二叠纪盆地2口水平井的实钻数据,概要介绍北美超长水平井优快钻井技术及效果,供借鉴与参考。     

珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化实验研究

通过波浪水槽实验对珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演变规律开展研究,实验采用了概化的岸礁模型,测试了4种礁坪水深、4种礁前斜坡坡度和一系列入射波高的组合工况。对破碎带宽度和破碎带附近波浪的入射、反射、透射以及能量耗散进行了测量分析,透射波的计算考虑了礁坪上高次谐波的影响。结果表明:礁坪水深和入射深水波高的比值(即礁坪相对水深)是影响岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化的关键参数,而礁前斜坡坡度的影响在本文测量的范围内可以忽略不计。破碎带宽度与礁坪上浅水波波长为同一数量级,并与礁坪相对水深成反比;透射系数随礁坪相对水深的增大呈线性增长,而反射系数的变化却无类似规律;岸礁能够削弱超过50%入射波能,礁坪相对水深越小,波浪破碎造成的能量耗散越大。     

一种地市级气象数据库的设计与应用

面向地市级气象业务数据库系统存在的数据管理分散、数据流程不统一等问题,以气象数据为核心,从标准化、规范化数据库建设的角度,提出一种气象数据库系统架构与设计方法。从逻辑结构、物理存储方面对气象数据进行划分,设计了气象数据的物理存储模型和数据统一访问规范。基于RabbitMQ消息中间件和元数据技术实现了多种气象观测资料的采集、传输、入库、备份的统一处理。通过消息数据与元数据的映射关系,增强了多源气象数据处理的灵活性和可扩展性。该系统已经投入业务使用,为气象数据管理和公共服务提供稳定、高效的数据支撑,取得较好的应用效果。     

气象灾害对江苏电网设备的影响及防御分析

随着全球气候特征的明显变化及江苏工业经济的高速发展,江苏电网设备因气象灾害所引发的故障呈现逐年递增的态势,污闪、风偏等故障次数明显增多.在广泛调研收集资料的基础上对江苏地区典型气象条件的时空分布、气象灾害形成原因进行统计分析,得出大风、雷暴、雾霾、覆冰天气条件下电网设备的故障特征,明确了故障时的主要气象要素及影响规律;同时结合江苏电网运行经验和目前采取的防御措施,提出加强电网设备抗灾设计、采用防灾新技术、建立电网灾害监测及预警系统的总体防御思路,可为具有类似气象灾害的电网设计、运行及事故预防提供重要参考.     

Suggestions for Low-Cost Equipment for Physical Geography I: Laboratory Equipment

Abstract

Fieldwork and laboratory experiences have always been important components of physical geography education, at universities as well as secondary schools. However, the rising cost of necessary equipment and dwindling education budgets of most universities and secondary schools have placed such experiences in crisis. This is the first of two papers that present lab- and field-based items we have designed and built for student research. The equipment is easy to construct and made from low-cost materials like PVC plumbing pipe. Photographs, construction notes, and costs have been included for each of the pieces of equipment, as well as measured schematics for the more complex items.     

Dissociation of the benzene molecule by ultraviolet and soft X-rays in circumstellar environment

Benzene molecules, present in the proto-planetary nebula CRL 618, are ionized and dissociated by ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray photons originated from the hot central star and by its fast wind. Ionic species and free radicals produced by these processes can lead to the formation of new organic molecules. The aim of this work is to study the photoionization and photodissociation processes of the benzene molecule, using synchrotron radiation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Mass spectra were recorded at different energies corresponding to the vacuum UV (21.21 eV) and soft X-ray (282–310 eV) spectral regions. The production of ions from the benzene dissociative photoionization is here quantified, indicating that C₆H₆ is more efficiently fragmented by soft X-ray than UV radiation, where 50 per cent of the ionized benzene molecules survive to UV dissociation while only about 4 per cent resist to X-rays. Partial ion yields of H⁺ and small hydrocarbons, such as  C₂H⁺₂, C₃H⁺₃, C₄H⁺₂  , are determined as a function of photon energy. Absolute photoionization and dissociative photoionization cross-sections have also been determined. From these values, half-life of benzene molecule due to UV and X-ray photon fluxes in CRL 618 was obtained.     

Stability of C60 and C70 fullerenes toward corpuscular and γ radiation

The stability of C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes in the interstellar medium deposited on dust surface or embedded in meteorites and comets has been simulated with γ irradiation and with He⁺ ion bombardment. It is shown by vibrational spectroscopy that a γ radiation dose of 2.6 MGy (1 Gy = 1 joule absorbed energy per kilogram) causes partial oligomerization of both C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes. Oligomers are made by fullerene cages chemically connected each other which can yield back free fullerenes by a thermal treatment. The amount of irreversibly polymerized fullerenes caused by 2.6 MGy as deduced as the toluene insoluble fraction has been determined as 1.7 and 15 per cent by weight, respectively, for C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerene. The radiation dose generated by radionuclides decay and expected to be delivered to fullerenes buried at a depth of more than 20 m in comets and meteorites is about 3 MGy per 10⁹ yr. Since fullerenes are by far resistant to such radiation dose they can survive for at least some billion years inside comets and meteorites and in fact have been detected inside certain carbonaceous chondrites. On the other hand, the direct exposure of fullerenes to cosmic rays for instance when they are adsorbed or deposited on the surface of carbon dust corresponds to the delivery of a radiation dose comprised between 30 and 65 MGy per 10⁹ yr. Experimental bombardment of both C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes for instance with He⁺ ions has shown that the complete amorphization occurs at about 250 MGy. Thus in ∼4 Gyr exposure to cosmic rays it is expected a complete amorphization.     

防雷接地与等电位探讨

建筑物内部用电设备采取等电位与接地措施后,很多设备仍然遭受雷击损坏,本文通过对SPD间接地线产生的过电压与等电位关系、接地线在高频雷电流作用下产生的过电压及其布置不合理所产生的电磁兼容等问题进行分析,并提出相应的解决措施,为今后该类工程的设计提供参考.