气动潜孔锤钻进技术若干问题

气动潜孔锤钻进技术以其钻进效率高、钻孔质量好等一系列优点已被广泛应用,但在日常应用中也存在着诸如钻进效果不尽如人意,所选设备性能和施工条件不匹配、不适应其主要参数,基本操作守则掌握不好等问题。以工程实践为依据,参考有关文献,对气动潜孔锤钻进中的若干技术问题进行了论述,以期促进该技术的推广应用。     

超长定向钻注装备关键技术分析及发展趋势

定向钻技术起源于石油钻井工业,经多年发展已拓展至隧道工程地质勘察及灾害处置、煤矿底板含水层改造、蓄能电站抽水通道施工、市政管道铺设等多个领域。地面注浆技术结合定向钻长距离精准穿越的优势,可实现地下工程不良地质高效预加固与灾害安全处置,具有广阔的应用前景。系统综述了定向钻注装备技术的发展历程、研究现状和待突破关键技术。首先,介绍了定向钻与地面注浆技术的发展历程;其次从重大科研项目、学术论文、授权专利以及工程实践等方面进行了分析与总结。结果表明：我国现阶段定向钻注技术总体已达到自主化、实用化的国际先进水平,但在千米级长距离快速钻进、复杂地质条件精准导向、地下工程精准注浆处置等核心技术方面仍存在“卡脖子”难题。面向战略性重大工程建设需求,提出了超长距离定向钻注一体化装备“预报、钻进、注浆、检测”四大功能模块,围绕随钻感知预报、快速钻进与卡钻预测、精准导向技术、远距离凝胶可控注浆材料、稳压控制分段注浆工艺、随钻检测系统六方面,开展了分析与讨论,可为我国定向钻注一体化装备技术发展和地下工程灾害防控提供参考。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: The Mexican Colonial Copper Industry. Elinore M. Barrett . The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society . James R. Beniger . Land Degradation and Society . Piers M. Blaikie And Harold C. Brookfield , Eds . La carte, mode d'emploi. Roger Brunet . France: les dynamiques du territoire . Roger Brunet AND Jacques Sallois , EDS. At the Crossroads—The Mineral Problems of the United States . Eugene N. Cameron . A Census of One Billion People , Papers for International Seminar on China's 1982 Population Census. Li Chengrui , ED. Les Milieux “Naturels” du Globe . Jean Demangeot . The Geophysiology of Amazonia: Vegetation and Climate Interactions : Robert E. Dickinson , ED. Tenn-Tom Country . James F. Doster And David C. Weaver . Family Farming in Europe and America . Boguslaw Galeski And Eugene Wilkening , EDS. The Geography of Urban Transportation . Susan Hanson , Ed. Combating Desertification in Developing Countries . J. K. Jain , ED. Cartography in France—1660–1848. Science, Engineering and Statecraft . Josef W. Konvitz . Distribution of Distances in Pregeographical Space . Hans Kuiper . Physical Geography Lab Manual: A New Experimental Approach . Neal G. Lineback And John M. Harlin . Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation , 2nd ed. Tom L. Mc Knight . The Desert Is No Lady: Southwestern Landscapes in Women's Writing and Art . Vera Norwood And Janice Monk , EDS. France: A Geographical, Social, and Economic Survey . Philippe Pinchemel , translated, by D. Elkins and T. H. Elkins. Gene Banks and the World's Food . Donald L. Plucknett , Nigel J. H. Smith , J. T. Williams , And N. Murthi Anishetty . Latin American Development: Geographical Perspectives . David Preston , Ed. Making Sense of Development: An Introduction to Classical and Contemporary Theories of Development and Their Application to Southeast Asia . P. W. Preston . The History of the Countryside. Oliver Rackham . The Third World in Perspective . H. A. Reitsma AND J. M. G. Kleinpenning . The Industrial Geography of Australia . David C. Rich . The Recruiting Game , 2nd Ed., revised. John F. Rooney , JR. A Cultural Geography of North American Indians . Thomas E. Ross AND Tyrel G. Moore , EDS. Eastern Europe . Dean S. Rugg . Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History . Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography: 7. Robert David Sack . Experimental Fluvial Geomorphology . Stanley A. Schumm , M. Paul Mosley , AND William E. Weaver . The New Urban Landscape . David Schuyler . Atlas of American Women . Barbara Gimla Shortridge . Impacts of Hazardous Technology: The Psycho-Social Effects of Restarting TMI-1 . John Sorensen , Jon Soderstrom , Emily Copenhaver , Sam Carnes AND Robert Bolin . Modern Physical Geography , 3rd Ed., (Third Edition). Arthur N. Strahler AND Alan H. Strahler . India: Economic Resource Base and Contemporary Political Patterns . B. L. Sukhwal .     

Electron-Positron Plasmas Created by Ultra-Intense Laser Pulses Interacting with Solid Targets

We discuss the necessary requirements to create dense electron-positron plasmas in the laboratory and the possibility of using them to investigate certain aspects of various astrophysical phenomena, such as gamma ray burst engines. Earth-based electron-positron plasmas are created during the interaction of ultra-intense laser pulses impinging on a solid density target. The fact that positrons can be generated during this interaction has already been demonstrated by Cowan et al. (2000). However, several questions concerning the number, energy, and dynamics of these positrons have yet to be answered. Through insight gathered from PIC simulations, we postulate that the e⁺e⁻ plasma leaves the creation region in dense jets, with relativistic energies. In order to estimate the number density of the positrons created, we begin by first experimentally measuring the hot electron temperatures and densities of such interactions using a compact electron spectrometer. Once the electron distribution is known, the positron creation rate, Γ, can be estimated. This same experimental diagnostic can also, with minor modification, measure the energy distribution of positrons. Initial estimates are that, with proper target and laser configurations, we could potentially create one of the densest arraignments of positrons ever assembled on earth. This experimental configuration would only last for a few femtoseconds, but would eventually evolve into astrophysically relevant pure electron-positron jets, possibly relevant to e⁺e⁻ outflow from black holes.     

Azimuthal impact directions from oblique impact crater morphology

Planetary impact craters have a high degree of radial symmetry. This hampers efforts to identify the azimuthal impact direction for most craters – the radially symmetric component of an impact crater swamps any asymmetries that may be present. We demonstrate how the asymmetric component can be isolated and the direction of the asymmetries quantified using a two-dimensional eigenfunction expansion over a circular domain. The complex coefficients of expansion describe the magnitude and phase (angular alignment) of each term. From the analysis of hypervelocity impact craters formed in the laboratory, with impact angles ranging from 0° to 50° from the surface normal, we show that asymmetries which reveal the impact direction are still present at just 10° from the surface normal, and that the phase of one complex coefficient of expansion, c ₁₁, indicates the impact direction. Analysis of the lunar crater Hadley shows bilateral symmetry in the radially asymmetric component, which may be due to oblique impact. The 31-km lunar ray crater Kepler has morphological features that indicate the azimuthal impact direction. Coefficient c ₁₁ gives an azimuthal impact direction similar to that expected from the morphology, although post-impact gravitational collapse and slumping obscure the result to some degree. Ray craters may provide a means of testing the method for smaller 'simple' craters when data are available.     

浅谈煤层气测井技术

目前用于煤层气测井的主要设备有美国蒙特系列Ⅲ数字测井仪、渭南煤矿专用设备厂TYSC型和北京中地英捷物探仪器研究所PSJ-2型数字测井仪系统。煤层气裸眼井常测的参数有自然伽马、长短源距人工伽马、自然电位、双侧向、双井径、声波、补偿中子、井温、井斜等,而固井质量检查测井则用自然伽马、声幅、声波变密度和磁定位等方法。受井径过大的影响,密度三侧向测井、声速和补偿中子测井会存在较大误差。另外《煤层气测井作业规程》是单一企业标准,其中有些规定在实际执行过程中存在诸多问题,需在实践中进行修正。     

东营石油装备制造业创新网络演化研究

采用社会网络分析方法,借助Ucinet、ArcGIS等软件工具,从多维邻近的视角出发,对东营石油装备业创新网络演化进行分析研究,研究发现：首先,多维邻近对东营创新网络发展产生了重要影响,且不同网络发展阶段（培育、起步、成长）主导的邻近因子不同。这一方面证实了Boschma多维邻近性的相关理论假说,另一方面指出多维邻近因子与东营创新网络演变的不同关联。其次,高校、大型国有企业是东营创新网络的知识源泉和组织者。中国石油大学（华东)、胜利油田集团企业发挥了主导作用,这与国外中小型创新企业发挥主导作用的情形有很大差异。     

Active and laboratory experiments in space plasma physics

This report focuses on active experiments in space as well as laboratory experiments which are directly related to space phenomena. The active experiments involve particle releases in the CRESS and AMPTE missions. Unexpected results such as the motion of the plasma triggered several interesting computer simulations and a laboratory experiment which will be reviewed. Critical Ionization Phenomena will be discussed in this context. A recent release over Arecibo was used to create a plasma lens to focus radiation from the HF heater beam. The higher power triggered several nonlinear processes. Advances in plasma sources and diagnostics have made it possible to scale many laboratory experiments. Discussed here are experiments on Alfvén waves generated by a localized source, 3D magnetic field line reconnection, three dimensional magnetized double layers and simulations of a tethered satellite.     

A methodology to determine thermal conductivity of soils from flux measurement

Determination of thermal properties of soils (viz., thermal resistivity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity), which primarily influence heat migration through the soil mass, is essential in situations where geomaterials are relentlessly subjected to higher temperatures and temperature variations. These properties of the soil mainly depend upon its type, mineralogy, particle size and gradational characteristics, density and water content. In this context, earlier researchers have determined thermal conductivity of soils by employing a thermal probe (a line heat source), which works on the principle of transient method (TM) of heat conduction. However, this methodology cannot be employed for establishing the heat flow (read thermal regime) through the soil. Hence, development of an alternate technique, which facilitates quantification of temporal and spatial variation of the heat flux and temperature in the soil mass, becomes essential. With this in mind, a methodology to determine thermal conductivity of soils by employing the concept of thermal flux measurement (TFM) has been developed and its details are presented in this paper. Results obtained from the TM and TFM have also been critically evaluated for the sake of validation and generating more confidence in the proposed methodology.