概率性分析在黄土场地动力沉降评价中的应用

天然黄土动残余应变研究主要依赖室内动三轴试验,如何将有限室内试验数据合理地应用于场地动力沉降的定量评价,是岩土地震工程领域中研究涉足尚少的重要科学问题。应用概率统计与蒙特卡洛模拟等非确定性分析方法,借助综合考虑固结应力、结构强度、空间体积特性和地震动荷载等动残余应变关键影响参量的估算模型,提出有效弱化土体物性参量不确定性（离散性与随机性）的场地动力沉降概率性评价的思路与方法。应用结果显示,利用该方法得出的场地动力沉降的概率分布特征,能够反映天然黄土动残余应变的基本认知特点,对明晰地震作用下天然黄土场地精细动力沉降特性以及据此采用适当合理的地基处理方法,具有理论意义与实用价值。     

Rock warming and drying under simulated intertidal conditions,part II: weathering and biological influences on evaporative cooling and near‐surface micro‐climatic conditions as an example of biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering

The way in which rocks and engineering materials heat‐up and dry‐out in the intertidal zone is of relevance to both weathering and ecology. These behaviours can be measured in the laboratory under controlled conditions designed to replicate those occurring in the field. Previous studies have demonstrated differences in thermal behaviours between rock types and through time as a result of soiling in terrestrial environments, but the influence of weathering and colonization on rock behaviours in the intertidal zone has not been previously assessed. We measured the warming and drying of blocks of rock (limestone and granite) and marine concrete during ‘low‐tide’ events simulated in the laboratory, before and after a period of exposure (eight months) on rock platforms in Cornwall, UK. As well as differences between the material types, temperatures of control (unexposed) and field‐exposed blocks differed in the order of 1 to 2 °C. Drying behaviours were also different after field exposure. Differences during the first few hours of exposure to air and heat were attributed to discolouration and albedo effects. Over longer periods of time, changes in the availability of near‐surface pore water as a result of micro‐scale bioerosion of limestone and the development of bio‐chemical crusts on marine concrete [observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] are suggested as mechanisms enhancing and reducing, respectively, the efficiency of evaporative cooling. The retention of moisture by epilithic biofilms may also influence thermal and drying behaviours of granite. These observations represent one of the first examples of cross‐scalar biogeomorphic linkages in the intertidal zone. The significance of the results for the subsequent efficiency of weathering, and near‐surface micro‐climatic conditions experienced by colonizing organisms is discussed. The involvement of microorganisms in the creation of more (or less) ecologically stressful conditions through the alteration of substratum geomorphic properties and behaviours is suggested as an example of ‘biogeomorphic ecosystem engineering’. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in vertical distribution and aggregative behaviour in response to population density for larval sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and sea stars (Asterias rubens)

We examined the effects of the presence of larval conspecifics on larval vertical distribution of four‐arm and six‐arm plutei of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and bipinnaria of Asterias rubens, in laboratory experiments, by manipulating population density. Larvae were introduced to experimental columns (10 × 10 × 30 cm) at one of two or three population densities (S. droebachiensis: 0.1 and 10 larvae·ml^?1; A. rubens: 0.1, 1 and 10 larvae·ml^?1). Subsequent changes in vertical distribution were determined from images of the larvae in the columns illuminated by a 532‐nm laser and captured by a high‐resolution camera. Larvae of both species were found higher in the water column in the high than in the low and intermediate population densities. The relationship between vertical swimming velocity and nearest neighbour distance (NND) was measured for four‐arm plutei of S. droebachiensis, and used to determine a range in distances among individuals that may affect potential interactions. The variation in swimming velocity decreased with increasing proximity below a threshold distance among individuals of 10 mm, which was greater than the estimated distance in the high population density. We suggest that the increased larval aggregation near the water surface under high population density is the result of a behavioural response to conspecifics.     

城市热岛效应下浅层土中混凝土的酸腐蚀试验研究

针对城市热岛效应引起城区浅层土地温场升高这一观测结果,采用室内快速模拟试验方法,对城区酸性土壤腐蚀混凝土材料的温度效应开展了试验研究。试验研究了在温度为5℃、20℃和40℃条件下,混凝土试样在酸浓度分别为0%、5%和10%的沙土介质中放置30d、90d后的抗压强度变化规律,并对混凝土试样在腐蚀过程中的腐蚀系数变化规律和微观机理进行了分析;最后,对南京城区热岛效应环境下浅层土中混凝土材料酸腐蚀的强度变化规律进行了分析。试验结果表明,在同一腐蚀浓度下,混凝土试样抗压强度的下降速度随着温度的升高而不断加快,其腐蚀系数也随着温度的升高而不断增大;腐蚀介质的浓度越大,环境温度对混凝土腐蚀系数的影响就越明显;在温度为40℃、硫酸浓度为10%的沙土中放置30 d后,混凝土的腐蚀系数K达到45.21%,约是在5℃条件下腐蚀系数的2倍,相当于环境温度每上升1℃,混凝土腐蚀系数平均增加0.64%。该研究成果对于减轻城市热岛效应对岩土工程的影响具有重要意义。     

沈阳市装备制造业集群发展研究

本文以沈阳市为例,运用主成分分析的方法研究装备制造业综合发展水平,用区位熵、罗仑兹曲线、集中化指数等方法研究沈阳市装备制造业的集群状况,用投入产出法研究沈阳市装备制造业集群对生产性服务业的需求状况。得出以下结论：①沈阳市装备制造业的发展整体上呈上升趋势,在2001—2005年期间,2002年综合发展水平最低,2004年综合发展水平最高。在构成装备制造业的各产业中,除电子机械制造业以外,都是装备制造业发展的重要组成部分。②沈阳市装备制造业具有产业聚集效应。沈阳市装备制造业应以通用设备制造业、专业设备制造业、交通运输制造业为支柱和增长点,构建装备制造业基地,带动其他类别装备制造业及相关产业的发展与振兴,并最终发展和完善装备制造业产业集群。③沈阳市装备制造业虽然具有一定规模的集聚优势,但没有形成各类型企业密切合作和分工完善的网络体系,并不能真正发挥产业集群优势。影响装备制造业集群创新的主要原因是地方企业配套网络组织体系尚未形成和创新要素的缺乏。④沈阳市对生产性服务业的投入远不能适应装备制造业集群发展的要求,滞后于装备制造业的发展。生产性服务业的发展可以降低装备制造业集群的交易成本,为其提供必要的智力服务和劳动力资源,有助提升装备制造业集群竞争力。沈阳市应在发展装备制造业的同时,大力发展生产性服务业,通过生产性服务业的发展,促进产业链向高端发展,提升装备制造业集群的发展水平。     

太湖疏浚底泥堆场黏土防渗层阻隔污染物的试验研究

底泥疏浚是治理太湖污染的必要途径之一。限于目前国内的经济与技术条件以及疏浚底泥的数量巨大,太湖雪浪底泥堆场只能直接采用下部的天然黏性土层作为防渗层而不加任何处理。为了确保疏浚污染底泥在堆放期间不对周围环境和地下水造成污染,采用渗透与阻隔、静态吸附、动态土柱等试验测定和分析了黏土层对底泥中主要污染物（总氮、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、总磷、化学耗氧量（COD））渗透和运移的阻隔能力,同时得到了可用于分析污染物在土层中运移和转化规律的一些重要参数。试验结果表明,雪浪堆场下部的黏土层对疏浚底泥中的主要污染物具有较强的吸附和阻隔能力。     

美国阿波罗月球样品的处理与保存

中国嫦娥工程三期将进行月球样品的采集与返回,这是继美国Apollo和前苏联Luna之后,国际上最新的月球样品返回计划。月球样品的存储与管理方法将成为中国探月工程中亟待解决的重要问题之一。特别是如何最大程度地保持月球样品的科学研究价值,避免或减少可能的样品污染等问题,不仅为工程部门所关心,也是月球科学家所极为关注的问题。文中主要回顾和总结了美国Apollo月球样品的处理与保存方法,包括月球样品实验室简况、月球样品初步处理方法、月球样品初步测试分析及相关实验简介和月球样品的保存方法等内容,以期为中国月球样品的返回和地面存储提供有益的借鉴。     

特高压电气设备抗震设计反应谱特征周期取值研究

特征周期是抗震设计反应谱的重要参数,开展特高压电气设备抗震设计反应谱特征周期的研究,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。对美国、日本等世界范围内的1448 条Ⅲ类场地水平向强震记录进行了统计分析,结果表明震级、震中距对特征周期有较大影响;强震记录特征周期的80%分位数结果约为0.9s。对全国近年来已通过评审的312 个Ⅲ类场地的地震安全性评价结果进行了统计分析,70%分位数的特征周期为0.9s。结合相关规范的对比分析,建议特高压电气设备抗震设计反应谱的特征周期取0.9s,可有效保证特高压电气设备的地震安全。     

棘爪机构伸缩式钻孔水力开采装置的设计与试验

钻孔水力采矿由于安全系数高、工程效益和生态环境保护好等优点在国外一直被研究和使用。我国相关的科研院所也正在开展研究。本文在分析研究国外钻孔水力开采装置的基础上,研制了具有自主知识产权的棘爪机构伸缩式钻孔水力开采装置。该装置利用机械式伸缩水枪的方式扩大水力开采矿层的范围,创新性地采用棘爪机构固定水枪的伸出角度,从而提高单孔开采量,降低开采成本。初步野外实验结果表明,该装置结构设计合理、工作可靠性高,可有效进行开采,达到了预期的目标。     

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