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211.
A. Frank E. G. Blackman A. Cunningham S. V. Lebedev D. Ampleford A. Ciardi S. N. Bland J. P. Chittenden M. G. Haines 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2005,298(1-2):107-114
We present new data from High-Energy Density (HED) laboratory experiments designed to explore the interaction of a heavy hypersonic
radiative jet with a cross wind. The jets are generated with the MAGPIE pulsed power machine where converging conical plasma
flows are produced from a cylindrically symmetric array of inclined wires. Radiative hypersonic jets emerge from the convergence
point. The cross wind is generated by ablation of a plastic foil via soft-X-rays from the plasma convergence region. Our experiments
show that the jets are deflected by the action of the cross wind with the angle of deflection dependent on the proximity of
the foil. Shocks within the jet beam are apparent in the data. Analysis of the data shows that the interaction of the jet
and cross wind is collisional and therefore in the hydrodynamic regime. We consider the astrophysical relevance of these experiments
applying published models of jet deflection developed for AGN and YSOs. We also present results of 3-D numerical simulations
of jet deflection using a new astrophysical Adaptive Mesh Refinement code. These simulations show highly structured shocks
occurring within the beam similar to what was observed in the experiments. 相似文献
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213.
Identification of astronomical dust composition rests on comparison of Infrared (IR) spectra with standard laboratory spectra; frequently, however, a single mineralogical composition is assumed for spectral matching. Advances in laboratory instrumentation have enabled very precise IR spectra to be measured on single grains and zones within grains; with a more complete set of spectral data for planetary dust, better compositional matches will be achieved for astronomical dust. We have compared several FT-IR spectroscopy techniques (open path transmission spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of powders; microspectroscopy of single grains and powders and ATR spectroscopy of thin sections) to determine their utility for the direct measurement of the mid-IR spectra of small amounts of extraterrestrial grains. We have focussed our investigation on the spectra of the olivine series of silicates, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, a species frequently identified as one of the major constituents of interstellar dust. The positions of three characteristic SiO4 stretching bands at ∼10.4, 11.3 and 12 μm were measured for comparison of the techniques. All methods gave satisfactory results, although care must be taken to guard against artefacts from sample thickness and orientation effects. Single grains hand-picked from meteorites can be analysed, but results are inaccurate if the grain size is too large (>1-10 μm). Spectra for single grains also show variations that arise from sample orientation effects. Once the analytical artefacts are taken into account, we found that measurement of powder with a diamond compression cell is best suited for the analysis of small amounts of materials. 相似文献
214.
实验教学改革与创新型人才的培养 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
阎守华 《成都信息工程学院学报》2006,21(5):652-654
新时期对创新型人才培养提出了特殊的要求。学校的实验教学在培养学生创新能力方面有着极其重要的作用;然而其现状却不能适应人才培养的需要。所以,实验教学必须从实验教学体系、实验课程设置、教学内容、手段及管理等方面进行全面改革。 相似文献
215.
I describe a new method to make particle layers which consist of SiO2 spheres with 0.78 μm radius. The layers were produced by sedimentation of aggregates which had grown in ballistic particle collisions, and the layers had a porosity of 0.95. They were used for experiments on sintering, i.e., the samples were heated in an oven at varying temperatures and heating durations, and the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the change of particle diameter, surface diffusion sintering and viscous flow are identified as important transformation mechanisms. The first effect dominated at the start of restructuring and the latter at higher temperatures. The neck growth of adjacent particles was fitted to a surface diffusion sintering model and predicts neck radii as a heating temperature and duration function. Between the temperature range of neck formation and of melting, further restructuring occurred which lead to dissolution of particulate structure and to densification and which resulted in a porous object consisting of straight elongated substructures which connected kinks of higher material density. The thermal transformation is important for the change of strength, collisional behavior, light-scattering properties, and thermal conductivity with relevance to dust aggregates, planetesimals, comets, interplanetary dust particles, and regolith-covered celestial bodies. 相似文献
216.
D. J. Ampleford S. V. Lebedev A. Ciardi S. N. Bland S. C. Bott J. P. Chittenden G. Hall C. A. Jennings J. Armitage G. Blyth S. Christie L. Rutland 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2005,298(1-2):241-246
Whilst observations provide many examples of collimated outflows or jets from astrophysical bodies, there remain unresolved
questions relating to their formation, propagation and stability. The ability to form scaled jets in the laboratory has provided
many useful insights. Experiments (Lebedev et al.: 2002, ApJ 564, 113) using conical arrays of fine metallic wires on the MAGPIE generator (1MA in 240 ns) have produced radiatively cooled
collimated jets in vacuum using the redirection of convergent flows by a conical shock. Here we present results of a jet produced
by this method propagating through a photo-ionized, quasi-stationary gas cloud. A working surface is observed at the head
of the jet. The velocity of this working surface is lower than the velocity of a jet tip in vacuum. 相似文献
217.
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219.
The results of an extensive programme of laboratory testing on intact and reconstituted samples of a pyroclastic weak rock from the volcanic complex of the Colli Albani (Central Italy) are presented. The deposit is known as Pozzolana Nera and may be assimilated to a bonded coarse grained material. The nature of bonds and the micro‐structural features were examined by means of diffractometry, optical and electron microscopy. As bonds are made of the same constituents of grains and aggregates of grains, bond deterioration and particles breakage upon loading are indistinguishable features of the mechanical behaviour. The testing programme consisted mainly of one‐dimensional and drained and undrained triaxial compression tests in a wide range of confining pressures up to 58 MPa. As confining stress increases, the mechanical behaviour of the material changes from brittle and dilatant to ductile and contractant; for both brittle and ductile behaviour failure is associated with the formation of shear surfaces separating the sample in several parts at the end of test. The experimental stress–dilatancy relationships are compared with the classical stress–dilatancy theories for a purely frictional material and for a material with friction and cohesion between particles. The analysis of the data indicates that peak strength results from the interplay between degradation of inter‐particle bonds, increasing friction between particles and increasing rate of dilation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Son, Ltd. 相似文献
220.
Martin A. Coombes 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(15):2114-2121
The wetting–drying and warming–cooling behaviours of rock and stone are known to influence the nature and rate of weathering. The way materials warm‐up and dry‐out also influences their suitability as biological substrata. While rock thermal behaviours have been measured under controlled laboratory conditions, previous experiments have largely been restricted to terrestrial simulations due to practical constraints. Where efforts have been made to simulate intertidal conditions, expansion and contraction of rocks or rates of breakdown (i.e. sediment production and weight loss) have been measured, while detailed observations of thermal and drying behaviours have rarely been made. A simple, semi‐automated procedure is described that enabled measurement of surface temperatures and desorption (evaporative water loss) for different material types (rock and concrete) under simulated semidiurnal tide conditions. Some preliminary results are presented illustrating the types of data that were obtained, and comparisons are made with temperature data collected on a rock platform in the UK to assess the ability of the procedure to adequately represent field conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献