鱼类实验动物研究概况及在水产动物病害研究上的应用

鱼类实验动物在现代生命科学研究中扮演着越来越重要的角色。本文概述了国内外鱼类实验动物的应用、育种及模型开发的现状与发展趋势,并对其在水产动物病害研究中的应用进行了简要介绍。     

Laboratory Test on Volumetric Characteristics of Saturated Sea Sand Under Cyclic Loading

1 .Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ1ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｗａｓｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌｌｙｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＦｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｉｎａ (ＧｒａｎｔＮｏ .5 980 90 0 4 ) . Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇａｕｔｈｏｒ.Ｅ ｍａｉｌ:ｈｌｉｕ @ｊｌｏｎｌｉｎｅ .ｃｏｍ　　Ｌａｒｇｅｇｒｏｕｎｄｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｕｃｅｄｂｙｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｔｉｏｎｄｕｅｔｏｃｙｃｌｉｃｌｏａｄｉｎｇ ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｒｓｅａｗａｖｅｌｏａｄｉｎｇ ,ｃａ…     

Sequential indicator conditional simulation and indicator kriging applied to discrimination of dolomitization in GER 63-channel imaging spectrometer data

Laboratory reflectance spectra of synthetic mixtures of the carbonate minerals calcite and dolomite were measured in the visible and near-infrared wavelength region (0.4–2.5 m) using a high-spectral resolution laboratory spectrometer. The instrument measured reflectivity with an accuracy of 0.001 m, allowing detailed resolution of the carbonate spectrum. The spectra of calcite and dolomite could be characterized by the presence of a strong absorption band centered at 2.3465 m for pure calcite and at 2.3039 m for pure dolomite. Nine mixtures of intermediate composition were analyzed demonstrating that the position of the carbonate absorption band is semilinearly related to the calcite content of the sample. Theoretically, this model allows mapping of dolomitization from high-spectral resolution remotely sensed imagery, GER 63-channel imaging spectrometer data from southern Spain were used to attempt such a mapping. First, pixels of vegetation were removed. For the remaining pixels, the wavelength center of the carbonate absorption band was detected and converted to a category of calcite fraction. The percentage of calcite for the remaining pixels was estimated using direct indicator kriging (IK) and sequential conditional indicator simulation, assuming that the calcite content could be represented as a category variable (SCIS category variable) and as a continuous variable (SCIS continuous variable). Four realizations of an SCIS (category variable) showed that on the average, 60 percent of the data was simulated in the same class and over 90 percent of the data within one class difference. A comparison with field samples showed that IK estimates of calcite content were within 20 percent accurate. The SCIS (continuous variable) does not perform as well with differences between –45% and +26% calcite; however, simulation reproduces the spatial variability better.     

海洋天然气水合物生成机制的实验研究

天然气水合物在海洋环境中与在纯水溶液中的生成条件有很大的不同。海洋天然气水合物的生成除了受温度和压力的影响外,还要受到孔隙水的化学组成、流体中气体的浓度及沉积物类型的影响。本文综述了国外海洋天然气水合物的实验研究成果及其进展,重点介绍了海洋天然气水合物生成与分解的热力学条件及各种影响因素,并探讨了今后该领域的研究方向和问题。     

Green Laboratories: University Campuses as Sustainability “Exemplars” in the Arabian Peninsula

ABSTRACT

Like many universities in the West, universities across the Arabian Peninsula are increasingly home to various conspicuous sustainability initiatives. This article examines this trend at three of the region’s most prominent projects: NYU-Abu Dhabi in the Emirates, Qatar Foundation’s Education City, and Saudi Arabia’s King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Based on the textual analysis and informed by fieldwork in these countries since 2012, this article joins interdisciplinary research in political geography, sustainability experimentation, and laboratory studies to understand their iconic campuses not as enclaves, but as “exemplars” of sustainability and renewable energy futures in the region. Tracing their effects beyond their walls, I argue that they have mostly been limited to symbolically injecting sustainability into public discourse. While more substantial shifts toward sustainable development in the region are underway, these have largely stemmed from market forces rather than a new environmental consciousness promoted by these three iconic universities.     

State-of-the-Art of Gas Hydrates and Relative Permeability of Hydrate Bearing Sediments

The methane gas production potential from its hydrates, which are solid clathrates, with methane gas entrapped inside the water molecules, is primarily dependent on permeability characteristics of their bearing sediments. Moreover, the dissociation of gas hydrates, which results in a multi-phase fluid migration through these sediments, becomes mandatory to determine the relative permeability of both gaseous and aqueous fluids corresponding to different hydrate saturations. However, in this context, the major challenges are: (1) obtaining undisturbed in-situ samples bearing gas hydrates; and (2) maintenance of the thermodynamic conditions to counter hydrate dissociation. One of the ways to overcome this situation is synthesis of gas hydrates in laboratory conditions, followed by conducting permeability tests on them. In addition, empirical relationships that relate permeability of the gas hydrate bearing sediments to pore-structure characteristics (viz., pore size distribution and interconnectivity) can also be conceived. With this in view, a comprehensive review of the literature dealing with different techniques adopted by researchers for synthesis of gas hydrates, permeability tests conducted on the sediments bearing them, and analytical and empirical correlations employed for determination of permeability of these sediments was conducted and a brief account of the same is presented in this article.     

Laboratory study of infiltration into two frozen engineered (sandy) soils recommended for bioretention

Infiltration of water into two frozen engineered soils of different gradation was studied in laboratory soil columns 1.2 m long and 0.1 m in diameter. Prior to testing, the soil moisture was adjusted to two levels, described by the gravimetric water content of 5% or 10%, and soils were compacted to about 80–90% of the maximum dry density and refrigerated to temperatures ranging from ?8 to ?2 °C. Water with temperatures 8–9 °C was thereafter fed on the top of columns at a constant head, and the times of water breakthrough in the column and reaching a steady percolation rate, as well as the percolation rate, were recorded. The soil water content was a critical factor affecting the thawing process; during freezing, soil moisture was converted into ice, which blocked pores, and its melting required high amounts of energy supplied by infiltrating water. Hence, the thawing of soils with higher initial water content was much slower than in lower moisture soils, and water breakthrough and the attainment of steady percolation required much longer times in higher moisture soils. Heat transfer between infiltrating water, soil ice, and frozen soil particles was well described by the energy budget equations, which constitute a parsimonious model of the observed processes. The finer grained soil and more compacted soil columns exhibited reduced porosity and required longer times for soil thawing. Practical implications of study results for design of bioretention facilities (BFs) in cold climate include the use of coarse engineered soils and fitting bioretention facilities with a drain facilitating soil drainage before the onset of freezing weather. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

实验室模拟磁力线重联的初步结果

在中国科学技术大学的线性磁化等离子体装置上,通过对两个平行电流板施加同向电流,实现重联磁场位型的构造,进而开展实验室等离子体中磁力线重联过程的研究.利用发射探针测量了重联过程中的平行(轴向)电场,实验验证了重联电流与通行粒子的依赖关系.利用磁探针测量了磁场通量的演化,未发现通量堆积现象,与数值预言相符.     

地质实验室测量设备期间核查方法的探讨

本文分析了地质实验室在测量设备期间核查工作中存在的问题,依据测量设备定义及评审准则要求,明确了期间核查对象。提出了符合地质实验室特点的期间核查方法,其内容包括核查标准和测量参数的选择、核查时机和频次的确定、核查结果的评价方法。文中所提出的期间核查评价方法—控制图法,经济、简便易行,直观地监控测量设备校准状态。确保了测量结果的准确度、精密度能够满足质量规范要求和评审准则要求。本文对地质实验室正确、有效地开展期间核查工作,具有一定指导作用。     

原型处置库

论述高放废物地质处置研究中的原型处置库的概念、建造目的和研究的主要内容,以及它在处置库系统性能评价中的作用。原型处置库的研究工作,可以在普通地下实验室中进行（如瑞典的魧sp觟地下实验室）,也可以在特定场址地下实验室中进行（如美国尤卡山的ESF坑道）,它是以往20多年前地下实验室研究中演示阶段的扩展和延伸,是高放废物地质处置研究中最终确认处置库场址的一个必不可少的研究步骤,同时也为处置库地下工程的详细设计提供最接近于当地建库实际的各类技术参数。