CTD温度实验室校准结果不确定度的分析

文章分析了CTD温度实验室校准不确定度来源项,按不确定度的评定方法,以实例形式分析评定了CTD温度实验室校准结果的不确定度。     

YSI(多参数水质检测仪)测定叶绿素a浓度的准确性及误差探讨

YSI(多参数水质检测仪)由于其快速、轻便的特点,已广泛应用于野外水体中叶绿素a的测定.通过将YSI测得的叶绿素a值与分光光度法测定值进行比较,对YSI6600水质测定的准确性和数据采集进行评估.结果显示,YSI测定值多数偏低,且与分光光度法测定值之间存在显著性差异;时间上,冬季比夏季具有更大的线性相关性.分段回归结果显示,随着叶绿素a浓度不断增大,两组数据的差值也不断增大.YSI测定误差产生于3个方面:(1)测定前YSI校准方法的不同;(2)其它种类具有荧光特性色素的存在;(3)YSI自身结构.     

基于WebGIS的GIS网络虚拟实验室建设

虚拟实验室是高校教学改革的重点方向之一,WebGIS技术完全可以将传统桌面GIS软件上机操作过程中的各个功能移植到Web客户端中。基于WebGIS技术,设计一个基于REST服务和Ajax客户端的GIS网络虚拟实验室,重点研究GIS网络虚拟实验室的系统体系架构,对虚拟实验室中的各个组成部分和功能进行设计,设计的GIS网络虚拟实验室能够提高学生上机实验过程中的学习兴趣和积极性,提高GIS上机实验教学效率和教学质量,为其它同类课程建设网络虚拟实验室提供技术参考。     

Circular time-domain reflectometry system for monitoring bridge scour depth

Abstract

Sediment has a severe effect on bridge stability, and time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is a suitable method for assessing scour depth. This paper presents a fundamental study to demonstrate the suitability of a circular TDR system to enhance the resolution when monitoring scour depth with consideration of detailed local changes over a wide area around piers. A total of 32 electrodes are vertically installed on a cylinder pier around the circumference at ～7.36?mm intervals. Scour depth is investigated through small-scale laboratory experiments, where a measured waveform reflects the artificially constructed scour depth with high resolution (≈5?mm). Different scour types including circular, mushroom, elliptical, and irregular shapes are developed to verify the application of circular TDR, and shapes are predicted through the detailed local distribution. The influences of the reflected waveform according to water level change, temperature variation, and salinity effect are investigated as additional considerations, and the relative deviation of scour depth is analyzed. This study demonstrates that the proposed circular TDR system achieves better resolution than existing single TDR systems and may provide a better alternative technique for monitoring scour depth.     

地球化学基准与环境监测实验室分析指标对比与建议

全球高质量一致性地球化学基准数据和建立全球地球化学一张图平台,是持续监测全球环境变化的定量参照标尺。本文通过对中国、欧洲、美国和澳大利亚汞、镉、钨地球化学数据对比和中国同一实验室间隔15年两次分析数据对比发现:镉元素在不同实验室和同一实验室间隔15年分析的数据是一致的(相关系数0.96),汞元素一致性较差(相关系数0.74),钨元素不具有可比性(相关系数0.56)。镉元素分析结果的高度一致是因为分析方法相同的和检出限相近;汞元素一致性较差,特别是低含量汞存在显著差异,是因为分析方法不同和检出限不同;钨元素在不同实验室不具有可比性是因为实验室分析方法存在显著差异。环境变化量必须大于野外采样误差(REsmpl)和实验室重复样误差(RDlab)之和(RCenv>REsmpl+RDlab),才能确认观测点发生了环境显著变化。因此,必须将采样误差和实验室分析误差降到最低。本文提出实验室分析的6点基本要求:①原始样品过10目筛,使用无污染加工到粒度小于200目;②使用成熟的多方法分析71种元素+其他指标,其中主量组分以玻璃熔片X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)分析为主,微量元素以四酸分解样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)为主要分析技术,配合其他特殊分析方法;③分析检出限必须低于地壳克拉克值,报出率不低于90%;④使用的标准物质必须具有涵盖所有分析元素的认定值;⑤实验室重复样分析相对误差含量小于3倍检出限RD≤40%,大于3倍检出限RD≤20%,主量元素、铁族元素和重金属元素重复样分析相对误差RD≤20%;⑥主量组分SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、FeO、MnO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、TiO2、P2O5、H2O^+(结晶水)、有机碳、CO2、SO2等15项,或SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、FeO、MnO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、TiO2、P2O5、LOI(烧失量)等12项加和为99.3%~100.7%。     

Fundamental yet simplified model for liquefaction instability

A fundamental procedure is proposed for the identification of liquefaction in saturated soils based on the instability in the material's microstructure. The disturbed state concept (DSC) provides a unified constitutive model for the characterization of entire stress–strain behaviour under cyclic loading, and the values of disturbance at threshold states in the deforming microstructure provides the basis for the identification of liquefaction. The procedure is verified with respect to laboratory behaviour of two sands, saturated Ottawa and Reid Bedford. A mathematical analysis of the DSC constitutive matrix is also performed. Procedures for the application of the DSC for simplified analysis and design, and in finite element procedures are presented. It is believed that the proposed model can provide a fundamental yet simplified procedure for liquefaction analysis, and as a result, it is considered to be an improvement over the available empirical and energy-based procedures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental Research on Wave Transmission over Submerged Rubble-Mound Breakwaters

This paper discusses some previous, and presents some new experimental results on wave transmission oversubmerged breakwaters. The objective of this study is to evaluate wave transmission coefficient and develop two-dimensional (2D) model as an improvement to the existing wave transmission coefficient models. Factors which affect wave transmission over submerged breakwaters are discussed through series of laboratory experiments. Basic recommendations for evaluation and design of submerged rubble-monud breakwaters are presented.From the test results, calculation formula of wave transmission coefficient is proposed.     

An experimental design for laboratory simulation of periglacial solifluction processes

An experimental slope of gradient 12° was constructed, comprising two 5 m × 2 m × 0·3 m contiguous strips of natural soils. Soil freezing and thawing took place from the surface downwards in an open hydraulic system, water being supplied at the base of each soil. Thermal conditions, porewater pressures and soil displacements were monitored using a PC-based logging system, with readings taken at half-hourly intervals. Soil surface displacements due to frost heave and solifluction were measured using linear voltage displacement transducers. Soil temperatures were determined using thermistors and semiconductor temperature sensors. Antifreeze-filled miniature ceramic-tipped pressure transducers were used to determine porewater pressure variations. The potential of this experimental approach for precise monitoring of mass movement processes associated with thawing of ice-rich soils is demonstrated.     

Modeling Magnetic Tower Jets in the Laboratory

The twisting of magnetic fields threading an accretion system can lead to the generation on axis of toroidal field loops. As the magnetic pressure increases, the toroidal field inflates, producing a flow. Collimation is due to a background corona, which radially confines this axially growing “magnetic tower”. We investigate the possibility of studying in the laboratory the dynamics, confinement and stability of magnetic tower jets. We present two-dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations of radial arrays, which consist of two concentric electrodes connected radially by thin metallic wires. In the laboratory, a radial wire array is driven by a 1 MA current which produces a hot, low density background plasma. During the current discharge a low plasma beta (β < 1), magnetic cavity develops in the background plasma (β is the ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure). This laboratory magnetic tower is driven by the magnetic pressure of the toroidal field and it is surrounded by a shock envelope. On axis, a high density column is produced by the pinch effect. The background plasma has >rsim1, and in the radial direction the magnetic tower is confined mostly by the thermal pressure. In contrast, in the axial direction the pressure rapidly decays and an elongated, well collimated magnetic-jet develops. This is later disrupted by the development of m = 0 instabilities arising in the axial column.     

没有围墙的GIS实验室

美国前副总统戈尔认为数字地球可以变成一个“没有围墙的实验室”,那么什么是“没有围墙的实验室”,如何建设 ?本文在对当前数字地球研究成果分析的基础上 ,指出“没有围墙的实验室”的核心就是“没有围墙的 GIS实验室”.