Profile Evolution and Energy Dissipation for Internal Soliton Transmitting over Different Submarine Ridges

1 .IntroductionWhile surface solitary waves arefoundin many physical phenomena (Chouand Shih,1996 ;Chouand Quyang,1999 ;Chouet al .,2003 ; Chenet al .,2004 ; Wang,2004 ;Tsenget al .,2005) ,internal solitary waves (ISWs) have been observed since the beginning of the 20th century.In fact ,some internal waves have alarge enoughamplitudeto cause consequence onthe surface .Hence obser-vation of the oceansurface may helpto detect the activities of internal waves . We require observationsthrough…     

Fibre reinforced sands: from experiments to modelling and beyond

Based on hypotheses derived directly from experimental observations of the triaxial behaviour, a constitutive model for fibre reinforced sands is built in this paper. Both the sand matrix and the fibres obey their own constitutive law, whereas their contributions are superimposed using a volumetric homogenization procedure. The Severn‐Trent sand model, which combines well‐known concepts such as critical state theory, Mohr‐Coulomb like strength criterion, bounding surface plasticity and kinematic hardening, is adopted for the sand matrix. Although the fibres are treated as discrete forces with defined orientation, an equivalent continuum stress for the fibre phase is derived to allow the superposition of effects of sand and fibres. The fibres are considered as purely tensile elements following a linear elastic constitutive rule. The strain in the fibres is expressed as a fraction of the strain in the reinforced sample so that imperfect bonding is assumed at the sand‐fibre interface. Only those fibres oriented within the tensile strain domain of the sample can mobilize tensile stress—the orientation of fibres is one of the key ingredients to capture the anisotropic behaviour of fibre reinforced soil that is observed for triaxial compression and extension loading. A further mechanism of partition of the volume of voids between the fibres and the sand matrix is introduced and shown to be fundamental for the simulation of the volumetric behaviour of fibre‐reinforced soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

物质组成特征对碎石土斜坡变形破坏影响研究

为研究物质组成空间分布特征对降雨下碎石土斜坡变形破坏的影响,以不同成因碎石土斜坡的特点为依照,进行了4种物质组成空间分布的碎石土斜坡模型及1种均质斜坡模型试验。结果表明,物质组成空间分布特征对降雨下碎石土斜坡变形破坏所发挥的作用与降雨入渗方向和应力调整方向有重要关系。当土料变化方向与入渗方向大角度相交且与应力调整方向相同时,斜坡渗透性为土料各自的渗透性,斜坡力学性质偏向于组成土料力学性质的最大值。当土料变化方向与入渗方向相同且与应力调整方向大角度相交时,斜坡渗透性接近组成土料渗透性的最小值,斜坡变形破坏受控于其中的软弱土料。降雨下斜坡各处均发生变形,且变形向周围调整并产生影响。破裂面更易发于软弱土料中。该研究有助于斜坡灾害勘察、预测评价及防治向精细化方向发展。     

珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化实验研究

通过波浪水槽实验对珊瑚岸礁破碎带附近波浪演变规律开展研究,实验采用了概化的岸礁模型,测试了4种礁坪水深、4种礁前斜坡坡度和一系列入射波高的组合工况。对破碎带宽度和破碎带附近波浪的入射、反射、透射以及能量耗散进行了测量分析,透射波的计算考虑了礁坪上高次谐波的影响。结果表明:礁坪水深和入射深水波高的比值(即礁坪相对水深)是影响岸礁破碎带附近波浪演化的关键参数,而礁前斜坡坡度的影响在本文测量的范围内可以忽略不计。破碎带宽度与礁坪上浅水波波长为同一数量级,并与礁坪相对水深成反比;透射系数随礁坪相对水深的增大呈线性增长,而反射系数的变化却无类似规律;岸礁能够削弱超过50%入射波能,礁坪相对水深越小,波浪破碎造成的能量耗散越大。     

Dissociation of the benzene molecule by ultraviolet and soft X-rays in circumstellar environment

Benzene molecules, present in the proto-planetary nebula CRL 618, are ionized and dissociated by ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray photons originated from the hot central star and by its fast wind. Ionic species and free radicals produced by these processes can lead to the formation of new organic molecules. The aim of this work is to study the photoionization and photodissociation processes of the benzene molecule, using synchrotron radiation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Mass spectra were recorded at different energies corresponding to the vacuum UV (21.21 eV) and soft X-ray (282–310 eV) spectral regions. The production of ions from the benzene dissociative photoionization is here quantified, indicating that C₆H₆ is more efficiently fragmented by soft X-ray than UV radiation, where 50 per cent of the ionized benzene molecules survive to UV dissociation while only about 4 per cent resist to X-rays. Partial ion yields of H⁺ and small hydrocarbons, such as  C₂H⁺₂, C₃H⁺₃, C₄H⁺₂  , are determined as a function of photon energy. Absolute photoionization and dissociative photoionization cross-sections have also been determined. From these values, half-life of benzene molecule due to UV and X-ray photon fluxes in CRL 618 was obtained.     

Stability of C60 and C70 fullerenes toward corpuscular and γ radiation

The stability of C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes in the interstellar medium deposited on dust surface or embedded in meteorites and comets has been simulated with γ irradiation and with He⁺ ion bombardment. It is shown by vibrational spectroscopy that a γ radiation dose of 2.6 MGy (1 Gy = 1 joule absorbed energy per kilogram) causes partial oligomerization of both C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes. Oligomers are made by fullerene cages chemically connected each other which can yield back free fullerenes by a thermal treatment. The amount of irreversibly polymerized fullerenes caused by 2.6 MGy as deduced as the toluene insoluble fraction has been determined as 1.7 and 15 per cent by weight, respectively, for C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerene. The radiation dose generated by radionuclides decay and expected to be delivered to fullerenes buried at a depth of more than 20 m in comets and meteorites is about 3 MGy per 10⁹ yr. Since fullerenes are by far resistant to such radiation dose they can survive for at least some billion years inside comets and meteorites and in fact have been detected inside certain carbonaceous chondrites. On the other hand, the direct exposure of fullerenes to cosmic rays for instance when they are adsorbed or deposited on the surface of carbon dust corresponds to the delivery of a radiation dose comprised between 30 and 65 MGy per 10⁹ yr. Experimental bombardment of both C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes for instance with He⁺ ions has shown that the complete amorphization occurs at about 250 MGy. Thus in ∼4 Gyr exposure to cosmic rays it is expected a complete amorphization.     

毛乌素沙漠风积砂力学特性室内试验研究

在对毛乌素沙漠风积砂物理特性进行试验研究的基础上,通过室内击试验、压缩试验及三轴剪切试验,对毛乌素沙漠风积砂的力学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明:毛乌素沙漠风积砂击实特性与粉、黏性土有较大的差异,在干燥和最佳含水率状态下易于击实,击实曲线呈双峰形态;压缩试验表明毛乌素沙漠风积砂一般属于低压缩性土,其压缩特性与试样初始密度、含水率、荷载级别及加载条件有关;三轴剪切试验表明毛乌素沙漠风积砂抗剪强度指标受试样密度的影响较大,虽然含水率对抗剪强度指标有一定影响且具有一定规律性,但影响程度并不明显。本文相关成果为解决该区风积砂相关岩土工程问题和工程地质问题提供了可靠的试验依据。     

一种测定非饱和土-水力学参数的方法

详细介绍了非饱和土-水力学参数联合测试系统,该系统分别利用轴平移技术和达西定律测定非饱和土土-水特征曲线和水相渗透系数。通过试验结果对比可以发现,由联合测试系统确定土-水特征曲线与压力板仪溢出水校正称量法确定的土-水特征曲线接近,但由联合测试系统确定的试样残余含水率比使用压力板仪溢出水校正称量法确定的试样含水率要小;由联合测试系统确定的渗透函数,当饱和度较大时,实测值与模型预测值较为接近;当饱和度较小时,实测值与模型预测值相差较大。     

人造冰和冰芯冰蠕变和方位组构发展对比

本描述了单轴压缩蠕变实验结果。试样包括ｃ轴取向为随机分布和非随机分布的冰、人造冰和取自南极洛多姆冰帽的冰芯冰，各向同性冰芯冰和人造的最小应变率存在差别，未获得合理的解释。方位组构与应力状态相容时，各赂异性冰的最小应变率高于各向同性冰的最小应变率，随着第三应谱阶段的发展，冰芯冰和人造冰的第三应变率趋近相同的恒定值，实验后冰芯冰和人造冰ｃ轴方位组构类型相同，晶粒尺寸也接近。