利用地震海洋学方法研究南海东北部东沙海域内孤立波的结构特征

多尺度动力过程是当前海洋学研究的重点。地震海洋学能在数百km的剖面上获得分辨率为10 m的高质量数据,基于该数据能够解析涡旋边缘的亚中尺度动力现象（如北冰洋地震剖面研究发现的漂亮旋臂）和内孤立波的振幅垂向结构,并能够进行内孤立波波形变化与混合参数分布叠合分析等,本文对这些方面获得的新认识和新进展进行了综述。同时,共偏移距剖面叠前偏移方法充分利用多道地震的多次覆盖特点,获得随时间变化的一系列地震图像,为地震海洋学在海洋内部结构的时空演变研究方面增添了利器。因此,地震海洋学提供的新的时空视角必将在海洋多尺度动力过程研究中起到重要作用。     

起伏地表采集数据的三维直接叠前时间偏移方法

提出一种可对起伏地表采集的三维地震资料直接进行偏移成像的叠前时间偏移方法和流程.它用两个等效速度描述近地表和上覆层对地震波传播的影响,可对炮、检点不在同一水平面的三维地震资料直接进行叠前时间偏移处理.该方法不对近地表地震波传播做垂直出、入射假定,因此可适应高速层出露等不存在明显低、降速带情况.描述近地表和上覆层的两个等效速度参数可依据偏移道集的同相轴是否平直来确定,避免了确定近地表速度的困难;而对已知近地表速度的情况,则可进一步修正近地表速度,获得更好的成像效果.用三维起伏地表的理论数据和中国东部某工区实际数据验证了所发展方法和处理流程的有效性和实用性.     

东海西湖凹陷应力场数值模拟及其应用研究

石油和天然气是流体矿产,其最大特征具有运移性。构造应力与油气运移密切相关。引起地质环境、圈闭条件、应力状态改变的动力是构造应力场。盆地沉陷、隆起、断裂构造等都是不同特点的应力状态作用下的地质痕迹。高应力区围限下的低应力区,一般是有利的储油储气构造位置。本文在东海西湖凹陷中央背斜带及其邻区构造地质、石油地质研究的基础上,对平湖组、花港组、龙井组目的层在中新世晚期的应力状态进行了数值模拟,进而分析了应力场与油气运聚的关系,研究结果与构造地质、石油地质分析结论相一致,对油气勘探开发具有指导意义。      

新疆库车新生代前陆褶皱冲断带的变形特征、时代和机制

库车前陆褶皱冲断带自北向南可分为基底冲断带、箱状背斜带、梳状背斜带和挠曲褶皱带,东西方向上可分为西段、中段和东段。本文分段叙述了各变形带的变形特征,指出东段箱状背斜带不发育,秋里塔格山脉(构造带)东延未进入东段,因而总体看自西向东变形强度减弱,地形上趋于夷平。该冲断带的形成经历了两次重大的冲断活动,分别发生在中新世和早(-中)更新世;相应地,该带可分为南、北两个"盆""山"亚系统,两者在地层记录、变形期次和变形机制上尚有若干差异。库车前陆褶皱冲断带的发育,除了受南天山的冲断和向南扩展引起的近南北向挤压应力场控制外,还受到基底断裂在新生代的活化和膏盐层底辟的制约,前者以近北西向的构造变换带及其共轭发育的近北东向断层最为重要,后者既控制了秋里塔格山脉的形成(主要受垂直的挤压应力场作用),也在库车前陆褶皱冲断带东西方向的变形分段中起了重要作用。文章还讨论了变形与地貌发育的关系和在油气勘探中的指导意义。     

火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波叠前时间偏移成像

在反射地震转换波资料处理中,准确求取共转换点一直是一个难题,采用叠前时间偏移技术能避免共转换点道集的抽取,而且能够使转换波归位到真正的反射点上,实现准确成像.本文针对火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波成像问题,通过对转换波共近似转换点道集进行速度分析,建立了转换波叠前时间偏移的初始速度场,通过速度扫描和纵、横波速度比值扫描确定最佳的偏移速度场和纵、横波速度比值,实现了在火山岩高速层覆盖区域的转换波偏移成像.实际资料的成像结果表明,本文采用的近似转换点计算以及转换波叠前时间偏移方法是有效的.     

Diet shifts of Caribbean grunts (Haemulidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae) and the relation with nursery-to-coral reef migrations

The spatial size distribution of grunts and snappers have previously indicated the separation of juveniles in nursery habitats from the adults on the coral reef. This implies life cycle migrations from nursery habitats (such as seagrass beds and mangroves) to the coral reef. If diet shifts are related to such migrations, then the diets of these fish must change before or around the fish size at which such migrations take place. A wide size range of juveniles of two grunt species (Haemulon sciurus and Haemulon flavolineatum) and of two snapper species (Lutjanus apodus and Ocyurus chrysurus) were caught in seagrass beds and mangroves, and their gut contents identified and quantified. Regression analysis between fish size and dietary importance of small crustaceans showed a negative relationship in all four species. Positive relations were found for H. sciurus, L. apodus and O. chrysurus between fish length and the dietary importance of decapods, and for L. apodusand O. chrysurus between fish length and prey fish importance. Critical changes in the fish diets with fish size were examined by application of a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The CCA yielded three clusters of size-classes of fishes with similar diets, and application of a Mantel test showed that each of these clusters had significantly different diets, and that each cluster diet was significantly specialised. The size at which a fish species ‘switched’ from one cluster to another was compared with size-at-maturity data and with the typical size at which these species migrate from the nursery habitats to the coral reef. H. sciurus and H. flavolineatum may be prompted to migrate from the nursery habitats to coral reef habitats because of dietary changes, or because of the development of the gonads. For L. apodus and O. chrysurus, a dietary changeover forms a more likely explanation for nursery-to-reef migrations than does sexual maturation because these species reach maturity at sizes much larger than the maximum size of individuals found in nursery habitats. Although other factors may theoretically initiate or promote the migration patterns, the results of this study indicate that ontogenetic dietary changes may crucially influence the nursery-to-coral reef migrations of these reef fish species.     

一种基于最佳指数模型的 TM 遥感影像最佳波段组合计算方法

如何通过定量计算选择最佳波段组合一直是TM等多波段遥感影像信息提取的研究热点。本文综合利用Erdas提供的可视化空间建模工具（ Spatial Modeler ）和面向对象的编程技术,提出了一种基于最佳指数（ Opti-mum Index Factor ,OIF）的定量计算与定性分析相结合的TM遥感影像最佳波段组合方法。实验证明,该方法快速有效,极大提升了TM等多波段遥感影像最佳波段组合的计算过程。     

Common‐shot Fresnel beam migration based on wave‐field approximation in effective vicinity under complex topographic conditions

Gaussian beam migration is a versatile imaging method for geologically complex land areas, which overcomes the limitation of Kirchhoff migration in imaging multiple arrivals and has no steep‐dip limits of one‐way wave‐equation migration. However, its imaging accuracy depends on the geometry of Gaussian beam that is determined by the initial parameter of dynamic ray tracing. As a result, its applications in exploration areas with strong variations in topography and near‐surface velocity are limited. Combined with the concept of Fresnel zone and the theory of wave‐field approximation in effective vicinity, we present a more robust common‐shot Fresnel beam imaging method for complex topographic land areas in this paper. Compared with the conventional Gaussian beam migration for irregular topography, our method improves the beam geometry by limiting its effective half‐width with Fresnel zone radius. Moreover, through a quadratic travel‐time correction and an amplitude correction that is based on the wave‐field approximation in effective vicinity, it gives an accurate method for plane‐wave decomposition at complex topography, which produces good imaging results in both shallow and deep zones. Trials of two typical models and its application in field data demonstrated the validity and robustness of our method.     

河南濮卫环洼带断裂特征及其在油气运聚中的作用

濮卫环洼带地质构造复杂, 洼陷带的勘探程度还较低。在系统分析断裂特征及其活动性基础上, 探讨了断层在油气运聚中的作用。研究表明, 卫东-文东断裂系和濮城-陈营断裂系各自分别由5条主控断层构成, 控制着该区的构造格局和油气运聚。卫东、文东、濮城南、濮31等断层活动时间长, 与成藏时间匹配较好, 是油气从深层向浅层运移的重要通道。断层和连通砂体构成了断层型、断-砂组合型油气输导体系。断层型输导体系沟通了烃源岩和储集层, 增强了油气垂向运移能力, 断-砂组合型油气输导体系以侧向输导为主, 断层主要起阻挡油气或调节油气运移层系和方向的作用, 导致在主断层附近形成构造-地层油气藏, 远离主断层的边部形成岩性油气藏。      

构造应力场、流体势场对柴达木盆地西部油气运聚的控制作用

运用多孔介质渗流理论和构造应力场驱动油气运移的流固耦合分析方法对柴达木盆地西部的构造应力场及流体运移势进行了数值模拟,揭示盆地西部油气运聚的规律是:①区域主要构造格架或构造体系控制了构造压力低值区的展布,二级构造压力低值区的边界为近南北和北北东向;②由浅层向深层,构造压力低值区的范围有逐渐扩大的趋势;③盆地西南部油区棋盘格式构造的结点为构造压力低值区;④不同构造层油气流矢量聚集区往往都是构造压力的低值区和油气聚集的有利部位.