The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

Direct sediment inputs from forest roads at stream crossings are a major concern for water quality and aquatic habitat. Legacy road–stream crossing approaches, or the section of road leading to the stream, may have poor water and grade control upon reopening, thus increasing the potential for negative impacts to water quality. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on the entire running surface area associated with six reopened stream crossing approaches in the south‐western Virginia Piedmont physiographic region, USA. Event‐based surface run‐off and associated total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations were compared among a succession of gravel surfacing treatments that represented increasing intensities of best management practice (BMP) implementation. The three treatments were no gravel (10–19% cover), low gravel (34–60% cover), and high gravel (50–99% cover). Increased field hydraulic conductivity was associated with maximized surface cover and ranged from 7.2 to 41.6, 11.9 to 46.3, and 16.0 to 58.6 mm h⁻¹ respectively for the no gravel, low gravel, and high gravel treatments. Median TSS concentration of surface run‐off for the no gravel treatment (2.84 g l⁻¹) was greater than low gravel (1.10 g l⁻¹) and high gravel (0.82 g l⁻¹) by factors of 2.6 and 3.5 respectively. Stream crossing approaches with 90–99% surface cover had TSS concentrations below 1 g l⁻¹. Reducing the length of road segments that drain directly to the stream can reduce the costs associated with gravel surfacing. This research demonstrates that judicious and low‐cost BMPs can ameliorate poor water control and soil erosion associated with reopening legacy roads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GIS与遥感影像的银行ATM机网点选址方法研究

本文针对当前影响ATM机布点的因素,提出了基于矢量图和遥感影像的可视化平台。首先应用门槛分析模型将区域划分为潜力区域(含有ATM机但还有布放潜力的区域)和空白区域(不含ATM机的区域),从宏观上分析区域布放的可行性,并通过计算潜力区域和空白区域内的网点消费潜力,得出适合布放ATM机的区域,然后通过点位评估模型来分析这些区域内的网点,最后评估出可以布放ATM机的网点,并以北京某公司ATM机布点选址规划应用本文的选址方法进行了实践,取得了很好的效果。     

灰色动态组合模型及其在大坝变形预测中的应用

提出了先对序列进行平滑处理,再建立灰色动态组合模型,分析了实测数据的计算结果,实现了较高的预测精度。     

基于LiDAR点云的建筑物分割深度学习模型研究

本文针对深度神经网络算法应用于机载激光点云进行大规模建筑物提取的问题,分别选取PointNet++和PointCNN两个网络模型进行了改进和对比。对于PointCNN,通过参数调整,使其更适合大场景信息提取。对于PointNet++,为了增加更多特征,加快大场景下网络模型的训练效率,在网络体系结构中添加了一种新的特征提取层——K-means层。另外,通过在测试数据集上的训练和验证发现,本文基于深度学习方法的分类较好地克服了点云的无序特性,能够更好地利用点之间的空间相关性,改进后两种模型的精度均达96%以上,在建筑物提取的时间效率和效果上优于原始模型。     

格网划分的Delaunay三角网快速生成算法

针对常见的三角网构建算法效率受查找三角形的约束的问题,该文提出了一种基于格网划分的Delaunay三角网快速生成算法,对传统逐点插入算法的点定位及LOP算法进行了优化。通过对离散点数据进行格网划分,将三角形面积坐标法与直线行走算法相结合,在点定位过程中可大幅度缩短搜索路径,快速定位到插入点所在的目标三角形。实验结果表明,改进后的算法兼顾了时间和空间的性能,执行效率明显提高,定位路径惟一且为最佳路径。     

基于MapGIS的极值无偏地球化学等值线图生成方法

在MapGIS中自动生成地球化学等值线时,用三角剖分方法能最大程度地保留原始信息,但其图面可视化效果差,后期修改整饰的工作量巨大。用Gird网格化数据生成等值线,又会出现元素浓集中心和极值点位置存在一定程度的偏差和位移的情况,对后期的地球化学特征分析和异常查证工作带来了不便。经过研究发现,把离散采样点分析数据中的极值点提取出来,按照一定的阀值给极值点建立缓冲区,通过点对区空间分析,把规则网格数据中位置距离极值点较近,可能影响到三角剖分网优化效果的畸形网格节点剔除;再把离散的极值点数据和剔除了畸形网格节点的规则网格数据合并,进行三角剖分等值线追踪,很好地弥补了三角剖分生成等值线可视化效果差和网格化数据生成等值线出现浓集中心偏移的不足。该方法无需借助其他软件工具,在MapGIS中即可实现极值无偏移的地球化学等值线生成,既兼顾了制图精度,又满足了可视化效果,有很强的实用性。     

一种新的地震子波提取与层速度反演方法

粒子群优化算法是近十年发展起来的一种基于群智能的非线性全局最优化新方法.本文详细介绍了粒子群优化算法的基本原理,并将其应用到子波提取与层速度反演中.通过模拟数值算例,从不同角度研究了粒子群优化算法的可行性及其效率问题.试算结果表明,粒子群优化算法在不同分辨率、不同信噪比、不同相位子波合成的地震记录反演中效果明显.     

湿度传感器检定条件的影响

在湿度传感器检定过程中,除露点仪和温湿度箱引起检定结果的不确定度外,检定条件、操作不规范也会给检定结果带来附加误差。本文通过对标准器的各湿度点测得值标准偏差、露点仪工作时的热效应、掠过露点传感器的流量变化、露点仪最佳工作环境等进行了实际测试,结合湿度传感器测试历史资料,进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)露点仪露点传感器的过流孔正对气流方向时,同温度下露点温度测得值偏高,露点仪测量的相对湿度偏小,否则会偏大。(2)在环境温度为20℃时,露点仪在各个湿度点上的n次测量值的标准偏差(离散性)最小。(3)露点仪的温度传感器在吸入式温湿度箱中,安装于露点传感器前端4cm和后端4cm时,其后端测得值比安装在前端测得值的最大值偏高0.45℃,相对湿度偏高0.5%。(4)各湿度点上的稳定时间(当箱内湿度达到设定值并趋于稳定后)应大于或等于20s时,露点仪和被检湿度传感器采集到的标准值和测量值才真实。     

The spatial stability of alcohol outlets and crime in post‐disaster Christchurch,New Zealand

The devastating Canterbury Earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 left an indelible mark on the city of Christchurch. The social and economic upheaval that immediately followed the Earthquakes has, in time, been replaced with a period of rebuild and transformation. In this study we investigate the effects that the Canterbury Earthquakes had on two important and inter‐related phenomena in the city: alcohol availability and crime. More specifically, we investigate how alcohol outlets and crime across six different categories changed in magnitude and spatial distribution pre‐ (end‐2009) and post‐ (end‐2014) earthquake. We do this using a variety of geospatial techniques including a relatively new method: the spatial point pattern test which allows for the identification of changes in spatial patterns at the local level. Results indicate that both alcohol outlets and crime have decreased in magnitude since the Canterbury Earthquakes. Using the spatial point pattern test we found statistically significant differences in spatial point patterns for both alcohol outlets and all crime types pre‐ to post‐earthquake. The similarity in the differences of the spatial distributions of alcohol outlets and crime provides a first empirical clue of their potential association in the city post‐earthquake.     

背包式扫描仪在多场景下的应用研究

利用背包式扫描仪采集了3种不同作业场景的点云数据,通过对边长、平面坐标、点位高程等数据进行比对,参照RTK实测值分析了背包式扫描仪的点云采集精度,并据此阐述了扫描仪的应用场景,对后期仪器设备的应用提供了案例支撑.