博格达山地区二叠纪以来构造应力场解析及地质意义

博格达山是现代地质学研究的一个热点,但是大部分研究都集中在博格达何时隆升,对于其构造应力场的研究较少。作者通过对博格达山地区不同时代地层中岩墙、节理、褶皱和断层等构造进行分期配套以及构造要素测量分析,认为二叠纪以来博格达山及周缘地区具有较强构造变形,构造应力场可划分为3期:二叠纪末期最大主压应力方向为北西西向,可能与后碰撞伸展作用和乌拉尔碰撞带向东挤压的远程效应有关;侏罗纪末-早白垩世最大主压应力为近南北向,与欧亚板块和拉萨地块的碰撞有关;新近纪以来由于印度板块与欧亚板块相互碰撞的远程效应,博格达山地区最大主应力方向为NNE-NE向。这些结果表明,博格达山具有多期次的构造运动,主要受欧亚板块南缘不同时期小陆块碰撞的控制,并且这些构造应力场对周缘盆地油气成藏具有一定影响。     

面板堆石坝面板竖缝特性对面板应力变形影响分析

采用三维有限元方法,研究了面板竖缝特性对面板堆石坝中面板应力变形的影响。基于类似子结构法概念,建立了精细模拟面板及其分缝特性的三维有限元分析方法。针对马来西亚巴贡面板堆石坝,计算了多种面板竖缝宽度和填料的方 案,得到坝体和面板的应力变形。计算结果表明,面板竖缝几何尺寸和填料特性对面板的挠度、顺坡向应力、水平向压应力和周边缝张合变形影响不大,而对面板的水平向拉应力和竖缝压缩量影响很大;面板竖缝填料变软和宽度增大均会导致面板的水平向压应力减小,而竖缝压缩量明显增大;采用软木作为填充材料较之填充硬木,可以大约降低一半的压应力;面板竖缝宽度及其填料特性对同期填筑的面板、特别是邻近的面板水平向压应力影响较大。     

Progressive failure of sheeted rock slopes: the 2009–2010 Rhombus Wall rock falls in Yosemite Valley,California, USA

Progressive rock‐fall failures in natural rock slopes are common in many environments, but often elude detailed quantitative documentation and analysis. Here we present high‐resolution photography, video, and laser scanning data that document spatial and temporal patterns of a 15‐month‐long sequence of at least 14 rock falls from the Rhombus Wall, a sheeted granitic cliff in Yosemite Valley, California. The rock‐fall sequence began on 26 August 2009 with a small failure at the tip of an overhanging rock slab. Several hours later, a series of five rock falls totaling 736 m³ progressed upward along a sheeting joint behind the overhanging slab. Over the next 3 weeks, audible cracking occurred on the Rhombus Wall, suggesting crack propagation, while visual monitoring revealed opening of a sheeting joint adjacent to the previous failure surface. On 14 September 2009 a 110 m³ slab detached along this sheeting joint. Additional rock falls between 30 August and 20 November 2010, totaling 187 m³, radiated outward from the initial failure area along cliff (sub)parallel sheeting joints. We suggest that these progressive failures might have been related to stress redistributions accompanying propagation of sheeting joints behind the cliff face. Mechanical analyses indicate that tensile stresses should occur perpendicular to the cliff face and open sheeting joints, and that sheeting joints should propagate parallel to a cliff face from areas of stress concentrations. The analyses also account for how sheeting joints can propagate to lengths many times greater than their depths behind cliff faces. We posit that as a region of failure spreads across a cliff face, stress concentrations along its margin will spread with it, promoting further crack propagation and rock falls. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

地震作用下非贯通节理岩体斜坡破坏的物理模型试验研究

地震作用下高斜坡破坏的发生发展过程比较短暂、剧烈,破坏机理相对复杂。本文采用模型试验的方法来研究地震作用下非贯通节理岩体斜坡的反应。试验结果表明:节理上的应变最大,模型上部应变大于下部应变;节理贯通机理复杂,多为拉剪复合型破坏;节理的贯通并不意味着斜坡的破坏,而是破坏了斜坡的整体性,使其处于临界状态。试验揭示了此类斜坡在地震作用下的动力响应及破坏机理,可为理论和工程实践应用提供有益的参考和指导。     

甘肃金川矿区构造应力场与构造演化研究

文章统计分析了金川矿区内地层和侵入体中的节理构造,对矿区内的共轭剪节理进行配套、分期,综合区域构造演化史后分析了矿区构造应力场。研究表明,金川矿区从新太古代到古生代至少受到4期古构造应力的作用。第一期构造应力场为NS向的挤压,由阴山陆块与鄂尔多斯陆块碰撞形成华北古陆西部陆块引起。第二期构造应力场为NE-SW向的挤压,与华北克拉通东、西陆块碰撞拼合并参与Columbia超大陆拼合事件有关;其后阿拉善陆块与华南陆块参与Rodinia超大陆拼合事件,应力场持续作用。第三期构造应力场为近NS向的挤压,由祁连洋不断向北俯冲引起。第四期构造应力场为NNE-SSW向的挤压,与祁连造山带发生的强烈造山运动有关。     

Nonlinear earthquake analysis of high arch dam–water–foundation rock systems

A nonlinear finite element model for earthquake response analysis of arch dam–water–foundation rock systems is proposed in this paper. The model includes dynamic dam–water and dam–foundation rock interactions, the opening of contraction joints, the radiation damping of semi‐unbounded foundation rock, the compressibility of impounded water, and the upstream energy propagating along the semi‐unbounded reservoir. Meanwhile, a new equivalent force scheme is suggested to achieve free‐field input in the model. The effects of the earthquake input mechanism, joint opening, water compressibility, and radiation damping on the earthquake response of the Ertan arch dam (240 m high) in China are investigated using the proposed model. The results show that these factors significantly affect the earthquake response of the Ertan arch dam. Such factors should therefore be considered in the earthquake response analysis and earthquake safety evaluation of high arch dams. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩体结构面起伏幅度尺寸效应的试验研究

表面起伏形态的特征决定了岩体结构面粗糙度系数的基本性质,研究结构面起伏幅度的变化规律,有助于分析粗糙度系数的尺寸效应。试验利用自行研制的大、中、小岩石结构面轮廓曲线系列仪器,测量不同尺寸结构面表面形态的起伏幅度。通过统计和分析结构面起伏幅度随取样长度的变化规律,结果表明:起伏幅度存在尺寸效应,同一结构面测量方向相同但测量位置不同的起伏幅度是有差异的,但变化趋势相同。中等尺度及大尺度结构面的起伏幅度均呈现出随结构面尺寸的增大而增大的变化规律,当结构面尺寸增大至一定值时,起伏幅度会趋向于不同的定值。不同结构面起伏幅度统计均值与结构面尺寸的变化曲线,均呈现出较好的对数函数关系。     

北方村落木结构民居榫卯节点抗震性能试验研究

现存的传统村落木结构民居,由于受风雨侵蚀及战乱、地震、火灾的破坏,发生不同程度的损伤和破坏,榫卯节点残损情况直接影响整个民居房屋结构的安全。以北方地区传统村落“四梁八柱”木结构民居榫卯节点（馒头榫）为研究对象,考虑不同残损类型及程度,制作5个足尺梁柱节点模型,通过拟静力低周往复加载试验研究其破坏模式、弯矩-转角滞回响应及骨架曲线、加载刚度、变形、强度及耗能能力等力学性能。试验结果表明：馒头榫节点破坏模式表现为榫头拔出、榫与卯口挤压变形;相比于完好节点,残损馒头榫节点抗弯承载力、加载刚度和耗能能力明显降低,且“捏拢”效应加剧;榫头松动是导致节点力学性能降低的直接原因;垂直加载方向虫蛀节点力学性能劣化程度强于平行加载方向虫蛀节点,更易导致耗能能力降低。     

煤层节理及其工程地质意义

煤层节理在煤层中普遍发育, 它不仅是矿井构造研究的重要内容, 同时也是极其重要的工程地质因素。煤层节理影响煤层的结构构造和物性特征, 从而影响煤层采落特征、顶板工程性质、瓦斯运移规律和煤层气储运采工程地质条件。研究掌握煤层节理几何和力学特征, 可指导井巷工程布置、采掘工艺的选择、安全措施的采用和煤层气开发方案的制定。     

分形节理岩体强度与变形尺度效应的试验研究

根据强度与变形尺度效应的研究需要,试验研究了脆性岩石相似模拟材料的配比,提出了预置材料产生模拟节理的方法,解决了随机分布节理试件的制作问题。采用分形分布节理模拟材料试件,研究了脆性岩体轴向抗压强度与变形的尺度效应,获得的规律与实际岩体尺度效应规律一致,并发现岩体变形的尺度效应并非完全由节理闭合和剪切破坏引起,在节理剪切破坏之前,主要是由节理的剪切变形增大引起的。