Reproductive success of Calanus pacificus during diatom blooms in Dabob Bay, Washington

While numerous laboratory studies in the last decade have shown that diatoms can induce reproductive failure in copepods, field evidence for a negative diatom effect is equivocal. To unambiguously elucidate the effects diatoms have on copepod reproduction in situ, we undertook a study of the abundance, distribution, grazing rates, and reproductive success of Calanus pacificus in Dabob Bay, Washington, USA, during two spring bloom periods. We simultaneously measured the phytoplankton composition, abundance, and distribution. Here we present results for the reproductive success of C. pacificus using four measurements: egg production rate, clutch size, egg hatching success, and naupliar survival (to the first feeding stage). Egg production rate was positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentration, and egg hatching success and naupliar survival were usually greater than 80%. However, in February 2002 and 2003 – during blooms of diatoms of the genus Thalassiosira – either egg hatching success, naupliar survival, or both were significantly depressed compared to other times in spring and summer. These effects, combined with evidence that C. pacificus was grazing aldehyde-producing Thalassiosira at the time of their blooms, indicate that diatoms can negatively affect copepod reproduction in the field, albeit only under specific circumstances and for brief periods.     

All washed up: spatial and temporal variation in the wash-up and fate of chondrichthyan egg cases along a section of the Garden Route,South Africa

Washed-up chondrichthyan egg cases were collected along three different sandy beaches around Plettenberg Bay, South Africa, between April 2016 and March 2017. GPS location was recorded upon collection, and, after being soaked in fresh water for 12 hours, egg cases were identified to species level. Additionally, boreholes, damage, biofouling and state of the hatchling slit were recorded. The hatching success of each egg case was inferred from these factors. Over the year, 6 996 egg cases of nine species were collected. Egg cases of the tiger catshark Halaelurus natalensis had the highest hatching rate at 70%. Egg cases of the leopard catshark Poroderma pantherinum had the highest predation rate at 57%. Season had no significant effect either on overall egg-case counts or on per-species counts. Location, however, significantly affected the overall egg-case counts, as well as per-species counts, with the exceptions of H. natalensis and the St Joseph Callorhinchus capensis. The results of this study provide insight into chondrichthyan species occurrence and spatial variation along a section of the Garden Route in the Western Cape Province and can act as a baseline for future research.     

基于部分整周模糊度固定的非差GPS精密单点定位方法

近年来,精密单点定位(PPP)模糊度固定技术不断发展,模糊度正确固定后可以提高短时间的定位精度。然而固定错误的模糊度,将引起严重的定位偏差,因此对PPP模糊度固定的成功率和可靠性进行研究很有必要。本文探讨了采用非差小数偏差(FCBs)改正的PPP模糊度固定方法;同时提出了一种分步质量控制的PPP部分模糊度固定(PAR)策略。通过欧洲CORS数据对该方法进行验证,结果表明:PPP模糊度固定可以提高小时解静态PPP定位精度。同时,采用部分模糊度固定策略,能够有效控制未收敛模糊度影响,提高用户端PPP模糊度固定成功率。     

不分散低固相钻井液体系在张掖平山湖矿区中的应用

平山湖矿区第四系、第三系地层属于遇水不稳定地层,钻探施工时,地层造浆严重、孔径扩大率高,造成钻探事故频发、施工效率低。采用以聚合物为主要添加剂的不分散低固相钻井液体系在该矿区进行了应用试验,有效地抑制了粘土造浆及泥页岩水化膨胀,取得了很好的效果。     

受控石油定向井技术初步实践

通过石油定向井技术初步实践，为今后的定向井施工奠定了基础，并取得了显著的经济效益。     

评价GPS相位模糊度整数解正确性的严密方法

针对如何评价模糊度整数解的正确性，指出了基于传统的假设检验理论的三步法存在的理论缺陷，介绍了模糊度归整域的概念和可容许整数估计的定义，并在Teunissen关于可容许整数估计原定义的基础上给出了更为严密的新定义。基于这个新定义，讨论了模糊度成功率的概念及其计算公式。     

On container versus time based inspection policies in invasive species management

We study the problem of precluding biological invasions caused by ships transporting internationally traded goods in containers between different regions of the world. Using the long run expected net cost (LRENC) of inspections as the apposite managerial objective, we address the following important question: given that inspection is a cyclical activity, is the LRENC lower when a port manager’s inspector inspects cargo upon the arrival of a specified number of containers (container policy) or is this LRENC lower when this inspector inspects cargo at fixed points in time (temporal policy)? We construct a queuing theoretic model and show that in an inspection cycle, irrespective of whether the inspection policy choice is made on the basis of an explicit optimization exercise or on the basis of rules of thumb, the container policy is superior to the temporal policy because the container policy results in lower LRENC from inspection activities.     

Estimating contributions of sources of soil CO2 at the shallower layer in a Japanese larch forest area

Soils contain about twice the amount of carbon presented in the atmosphere, so a small change in the soil carbon will influence atmospheric chemistry and heat balance. The soil carbon ultimately exchanged with the atmospheric CO2 as soil CO2, which mainly exists at the depth of 0-20 cm. The transport of soil CO2 is affected by the sources of soil CO2. Thus, separation of the contributions of sources of soil CO2 is a fundamental need to understand and predict implications of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. It is a complicated task, so that a number of different methodological approaches such as component integration, root removal, and gap analyses have been developed. However, these methods could not avoid changing soil characteristics such as air-filled porosity, soil temperature and soil water contents. Consequently, fractional contributions of respiration of living root and decomposition of soil organic matter to the total soil CO2 cannot be estimated correctly. In this study, based on mass balance theory of both concentrations and δ^13C of soil CO2, a trenching method with a stable-isotope technique was used to determine both soil CO2 sources at the depth of 3-13 cm in a Japanese larch forest area during 30 May to 7 October 2005 and fractional contributions of these sources. Experimental results showed that the amount of atmospheric CO2 invaded the soil air was not significantly variable while its percent rate in the total soil CO2 had significantly temporal variations with the lower values between 5 August and 1 September. The litter-layer decomposition was very small. The soil CO2 derived from the respiration of living root and the decomposition of soil organic matter showed significantly temporal variations with increase from 30 May to 5 Aug. and decrease from 1 September to 7 October, 2005; and it accounted for 82%-98% of the total soil CO2 in which the respiration of living root was in the range from 32% to 62%.     

京、沪两地脑卒中发病率及其预测模型

通过分析比较北京、上海两地脑卒中病例资料和气象资料，揭示两地脑卒中发病率的总体水平、季节变化特点和多年变化趋势。在综合考虑该病症发病率自身演变规律及气象因子可能施加影响的基础上设计的短期气候预测模型，不但能较好地拟合发病率的实况，而且对未来时段的发病率具有一定的预测能力，但在预报精度上，两地的预测模型存在一定的差异。     

低阻油层双侧向测井的反演研究

对于双侧向测井反演，本文将广义逆反演方法用于消除侵入影响的三参数(侵入半径、侵入带电阻率、原状地层电阻率)反演中。通过实际多口井连续曲线的反演处理表明，本文提出的反演方法令理而且有效。同时，广义逆方法提高了反演计算的稳定性和精度。对低阻油层实际资料的处理结果与试油结论一致。