Employment growth,human capital and educational levels: uneven urban and regional development in Denmark 2002–2012

Contemporary studies in urban and regional development stress the importance of large city-regions as key places in modern capitalism taking the form of agglomerations of economic activities by industries, firms and highly skilled people. In this article, we challenge the strong focus on academic human capital in understanding regional growth. We examine to what extent different labour competences and capabilities relate to municipal employment growth using nine stratified, educational categories as proxies for different levels of human capital. Dividing municipalities into four spatial categories ranging from the urban to the peripheral, we conclude that there is a strong spatial distinction of educational structures with an urban bias, and that educational categories other than academic human capital can make an important contribution to our understanding of what drives employment growth on the municipal level.     

The soil nitrogen dynamics in an inland salt marsh as affected by various experimental water levels

An 87‐day incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of various water levels on the soil nitrogen content in an inland salt marsh of Xianghai, China. Soil samples were collected from depths in the range of 0 to 30 cm at 10‐cm intervals after 15, 54 and 87 days of incubation. The total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?‐N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺‐N) contents and the nitrogen activation coefficient (NAC) were measured to investigate the soil nitrogen dynamics under three inundation treatments (?5, 0 and 5 cm). The results showed that TN was generally accumulated in all soil layers and exhibited a peak value in subsurface soils at the ?5‐cm inundation level at the end of the incubation period, whereas no obvious changes were observed in the TN contents in the bottom soils at the three inundation levels. Compared with the initial contents in the soils, the NO₃^?‐N and NH₄⁺‐N contents were significantly reduced in all soil layers at the 0‐cm and the 5‐cm inundation levels at the end of the incubation period. In general, the available nitrogen content was higher in the surface soils compared with the deeper soils at all inundation levels. The NAC values exhibited a pronounced change in the subsurface soils at all inundation levels, decreasing significantly from 0.17 to 0.04 at the 5‐cm inundation level; however, a higher mean NAC value (0.126) was found over the incubation period at the 0‐cm inundation level compared with the 5‐cm and the ?5‐cm inundation levels. Nitrogen was released from plants into the soil under all inundation treatments over the incubation period. The soil organic matter exerted positive loadings on the TN and NO₃^?‐N contents and negative loadings on the NH₄⁺‐N content at all inundation levels, and the water content generally exhibited a negative relationship with all forms of nitrogen. Additionally, the total phosphorus content exhibited a positive correlation with the TN and NO₃^?‐N contents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ROC‐based calibration of flood inundation models

The use of spatial patterns of flood inundation (often obtained from remotely sensed imagery) to calibrate flood inundation models has been widespread over the last 15 years. Model calibration is most often achieved by employing one or even several performance measures derived from the well‐known confusion matrix based on a binary classification of flooding. However, relatively early on, it has been recognized that the use of commonly reported performance measures for calibrating flood inundation models (such as the F measure) is hampered because the calibration procedure commonly utilizes only one possible solution of a wet/dry classification of a remote sensing image [most often acquired by a synthetic aperture radar (SAR)] to calibrate or validate models and are biased towards either over‐prediction or under‐prediction of flooding. Despite the call in several studies for an alternative statistic, to this date, very few, if any, unbiased performance measure based on the confusion matrix has been proposed for flood model calibration/validation studies. In this paper, we employ a robust statistical measure that operates in the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) space and allows automated model calibration with high identifiability of the best model parameter set but without the need of a classification of the SAR image. The ROC‐based method for flood model calibration is demonstrated using two different flood event test cases with flood models of varying degree of complexity and boundary conditions with varying degree of accuracy. Verification of the calibration results and optional SAR classification is successfully performed with independent observations of the events. We believe that this proposed alternative approach to flood model calibration using spatial patterns of flood inundation should be employed instead of performance measures commonly used in conjunction with a binary flood map. © 2013 California Institute of Technology. Hydrological Processes © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Near real time satellite imagery to support and verify timely flood modelling

The study investigates the capability of coarse resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery to support flood inundation models. A hydraulic model of a 98‐km reach of the River Po (Northern Italy) was calibrated on the October 2000 high‐magnitude flood event with extensive and high‐quality field data. During the June 2008, low‐magnitude flood event a SAR image was acquired and processed in near real time (NRT) in order to provide adequate data for quick verification and recalibration of the hydraulic model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Groundwater level responses in temperate mountainous terrain: regime classification,and linkages to climate and streamflow

Groundwater responses in temperate mountainous terrain are assessed using groundwater, hydrometric and climatic data from southern British Columbia, Canada. Well and stream hydrographs are analysed using a series of diagnostic tools including time series plots, hysteresis plots, and cross‐correlation plots. Characterizing the seasonal timing of the response requires consideration of the hydroclimatology of the region: rainfall‐dominated (pluvial), snowmelt‐dominated (nival) or hybrid (mixture of rain and snow). The magnitude and timing of the recharge and discharge response of the groundwater system was shown to depend on the storage and permeability characteristics of the aquifer and whether the system is stream‐driven or recharge‐driven. These two dominant stream‐aquifer system types were defined based on classifying different aquifer types found in the southwest portion of the province. The classification scheme and diagnostic tools have the potential to provide a framework for evaluating the responses of wells in other mountainous regions. Using this framework, the potential consequences of future climate change may then be better understood based on the interactions between the hydrogeological and hydroclimatic settings of these aquifers. Copyright © 2010 Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons. Ltd     

三率"机理及应用刍议

“三率”是地矿部门依法管矿的手段,也是矿山企业依法办矿、提高生产管理和技术水平的体现。文章从社会主义市场经济条件下地矿行政管理的角度,分析了矿业忽视“三率”管理的原因,论述了用“三率”控制矿产资源利用水平的机理,并从矿管工作实例引证“三率”在矿产资源管理中的经验和教训。     

Assessment of nitrogen maintenance requirement in juvenile Black Porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli

Nitrogen balance method and nitrogen-free diet were used in this study to determine nitrogen maintenance requirement (NM) and nitrogen maintenance requirement per unit metabolism body weight (NM’) of black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Fish with body weight (BW) of 50, 80, 120, 160 and 200 g were fed by the diets containing three graded levels of crude protein (380, 420 and 460 g/kg). The results from nitrogen balance experiment showed that the amount of nitrogen deposition varied from 0.15 to 0.31 mg/g BW...     

广西防城江口沉积物中重金属环境背景构建

为研究百年人类活动对广西防城江口沉积物的影响,依据2014-08取得的广西防城江口HSL柱的210Pb、粒度、常量元素、重金属元素数据,建立210Pb年代序列,对其重金属环境背景进行构建,对HSL柱的重金属元素富集系数进行计算,对人类活动影响下的重金属元素进行潜在生态危害评价。结果表明,HSL柱210Pb年代拟合系数在0.9以上,该柱沉积速率约为0.37 cm/a。以沉积物粒度中<32μm体积分数为参比元素构建的防城江口的重金属环境背景显示:HSL柱20 cm以深为"清洁样品";10 cm(约1990年)以浅开始显著受人类活动影响;5 cm(约2000年)以浅各重金属富集系数均显著受工业活动影响,Cd单因子危害系数达到强生态危害程度,Hg达到中等生态危害程度,潜在生态危害指数也达到强生态危害程度。受防城港市产业结构调整的影响,2010年之后潜在生态危害指数有所降低,但部分重金属(Cd和Hg)的潜在生态危害依然较为严峻。     

区域经济增长的同群效应——来自中国城市数据的经验证据

厘清中国区域经济发展中多样化的空间相互作用,对于探索新时期区域协调发展的新理念具有重要意义。根据增长极理论和中心地理论构建空间计量模型,以中国260个地级及以上城市为研究对象,研究不同收入水平城市间的同群效应,从新的视角解释区域协调发展的内在动力。研究发现：高收入城市通过正向同群效应对邻近中等收入城市的经济增长产生了带动作用,通过负向同群效应对邻近陷阱城市的经济增长产生了抑制作用,中国城市之间未完全发挥自上而下的辐射带动作用;中等收入城市对高收入城市的经济增长、陷阱城市对中等收入城市的经济增长均具有正向同群效应,中国城市之间存在着自下而上的经济增长促进作用;同等收入水平城市间的经济增长通过正向同群效应相互促进。进一步的作用机制检验表明：同群效应的产生更多是源于分权体制下的“标尺竞争”,其中学习和竞争机制在不同收入水平城市内部的作用效果存在明显异质性。最后,从实施多中心空间战略、构建新型城市合作模式、加强基础设施建设、完善政绩考核体系等方面提出了实现区域协调发展的政策启示。