A Holocene and latest Pleistocene pollen record from Lake Poukawa, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand

Lake Poukawa is a small, shallow lake lying in the middle of extensive peatland in the Poukawa depression, central Hawke's Bay. Holocene peats (10 m at deepest point) overlie more than 200 m of sand, silt, clastic debris and infrequent thin peats and lacustrine sediments deposited during the late Pleistocene. Pollen analyses are presented for: a peat possibly dating to a late stage of the last interglacial or a warm interstadial of the last glacial; cool climate last glacial sediments; and a Holocene peat. The last interglacial or interstadial peat records a cool climate Nothofagus podocarp forest. During the last glacial, sparse shrubland and grassland grew within the depression under much drier and colder conditions than now. There is no pollen record for the Late Glacial and early Holocene period as conditions remained too dry for peat formation. Avian fossils indicate scrub and grassland persisted through until at least 10,600 years BP, and scrub or open forest may have prevailed until c. 6500 years BP. Closed podocarp broadleaved forest (Prumnopitys taxifolia dominant) occupied the depression from at least 6500 years BP until its destruction by Polynesian settlers after 800 years BP. Water levels rose from 6500 to 4500 years BP, culminating in the establishment of the present fluctuating lake-peatland system. Dry conditions in the Late Glacial and early Holocene may reflect a predominant northwesterly air flow, and a change to more easterly and southerly air flow in the mid- to late Holocene resulted in increased rainfall.     

Numerical Study of Storm Surge Inundation in the Southwestern Hangzhou Bay Region During Typhoon Chan-Hom in 2015

Storm surge inundation is a major concern in marine hazard risk assessment during extreme weather conditions.In this study,a high-resolution coupled model(the ADVanced CIRCulation model+the Simulating WAves Nearshore model)was used to investigate the storm surge inundation in the southwestern Hangzhou Bay region during Typhoon Chan-hom in 2015.The simulated hydrodynamic processes(sea surface wave and storm tide)were validated with measured data from wave buoys and tide gauges,indicating that the overall performance of the model was satisfactory.The storm surge inundation in the coastal area was simulated for several idealized control experiments,including different wave effects(wave-enhanced wind stress,wave-enhanced bottom stress,and wave radiation stress).Dike overflowing cases with different dike heights and dike breaking cases with different dike breach lengths were considered in the simulation.The results highlight the necessity of incorporating wave effects in the accurate simulation of storm surge inundation.Dike height significantly influences the magnitude and phase of the maximum inundation area in the dike overflowing cases,and dike breach length is an important factor impacting the magnitude of the maximum inundation area in the dike breaking cases.This study may serve as a useful reference for accurate coastal inundation simulation and risk assessment.     

浅谈测量技术在司法鉴定工作中的应用

测绘司法鉴定作为司法证明的一种重要手段和证据方法,在发现和认定案件事实,正确运用法律准确量刑方面有不可替代的重要作用,它既是专业性较强的技术性工作,同时也是司法审判证据链的组成部分,本文通过测量司法鉴定案例的实践：以法律为准绳,用测量数据的准确、公正、合法、严谨,为测量司法鉴定开辟一个新领域;测量司法鉴定工作方法的开展,在测量界具有一定的参考价值和指导意义.     

论地理学面临的挑战与发展

地理科学研究地球表层系统特定时空层次下的系统有序度和变化。其发展正面临着几大挑战:①地球表层系统的复杂性难以精确定量描述;②人地关系变化速度超过人类认识与预警能力;③地球表层系统的模糊性与科学价值精确性存在矛盾;④地理学与其它学科的竞争剧烈;21世纪地理学研究主要趋势:①地理学研究人文化;②界面研究将成为自然地理研究热点;③全球研究是地理学重大题材;④地理学研究生态化;⑤山地研究将成为地理学重大领域;为着地理学的顺利发展,建议:①造就地理学思想家和战略家;②进行地理学方法论的集成和创新;③寻找适合各时代认识水平的定量化方法;④重点突出与人类命运攸关的重大课题,创立有震撼性、权威性的理论和成果。     

兰坪盆地区域地球化学异常特征及找矿方向

西南三江中段兰坪盆地是著名的金属成矿区,区内矿产资源丰富,以铜、铅、锌、银为主。2012—2016年云南省地质调查院完成了1∶25万丽江市幅水系沉积物测量工作,平均采样密度为1.02个/km²,采样介质为代表汇水域基岩成分的岩屑,样品粒级为-10~+60目。以兰坪盆地内的1∶25万水系沉积物测量成果为基础,首先分析了盆地内微量元素的地球化学特征,指出仅从元素富集系数的大小来判断研究区内有利矿种的方法欠妥;进而为消除元素的风化富集效应而采用变值七级异常划分方案绘制了该区地球化学异常图,并对区内的主要成矿元素进行异常圈定和分级评价。结果表明所圈定的异常区不仅与该区典型矿床在空间上相吻合,而且单元素异常级别或平均异常强度也与矿床的规模相一致,已知矿床均位于平均异常强度达3级以上的异常区。除典型已知矿区外,区域地球化学异常特征显示兰坪盆地东北部老君山地区和盆地中南部白洋厂南部地区是盆地内寻找多金属矿床的有利地段。     

一种基于GPU的大规模地形实时生成算法

大规模地形实时可视化一直以来都是计算机图形学、虚拟现实和仿真领域研究的重点和热点。利用Geometry Clipmap算法的基本思想,改进了数据的组织方法,简化了算法的裂缝消除技术,对视景体的裁切算法进行了改进,实现了海量数据的实时可视化。     

Quantitative inferences of past hypolimnetic anoxia and nutrient levels from a Canadan Precambrian Shield lake

Paleolimnological analyses were used to infer limnological changes during the past ~ 300 yrs in the west basin of Peninsula Lake, a small (853 ha) Precambrian Shield lake in Ontario, Canada, that has been subjected to moderate cultural disturbances (forest clearance, cottage and resort development). This study represents a pioneering attempt to use sedimentary chironomid assemblages and weighted-averaging models to quantify past hypolimnetic anoxia (expressed as the anoxic factor, AF). Impacts of forest clearance and human land-use on deepwater oxygen availability and surface water quality were assessed by comparing chironomid-inferred AF and diatom-inferred total phosphorus concentration ([TP]) to changes in terrestrial pollen and historical data. This study also discusses the ability of chironomids to quantitatively infer changes in AF.Pre-disturbance chironomid assemblages were stable and dominated by taxa indicative of oxygen-rich hypolimnetic conditions (e.g., Protanypus, Heterotrissocladius, Micropsectra type), while diatoms indicated oligotrophic lake status (diatom inferred [TP] = 5-7 g·l^-1). Chironomids characteristic of lower oxygen availability (e.g., Chironomus, Procladius) increased following land-clearance, road construction, establishment of a grist mill and lakeshore development beginning ca. 1870. Increased abundances of Tanytarsus s. lat., a multigeneric group of mainly littoral chironomids, since 1900, indicated that littoral chironomids may have comprised a greater proportion of fossil assemblages during periods of eutrophication and prolonged anoxia. Abundances of meso-eutrophic diatom taxa (e.g., Fragilaria crotonensis, Asterionella formosa, Aulacoseira ambigua, A. subarctica) increased concurrent with European settlement (ca. 1870) and diatom-inferred [TP] doubled (~ 6-12 g·l^-1), further indicating that naturally-oligotrophic Precambrian Shield lakes were extremely sensitive to initial land-clearance activities.Recent increases in oligotrophic diatom taxa (e.g., Cyclotella stelligera) indicate a shift to more oligotrophic conditions since ca. mid-1960s, with greatest changes since ca. 1980. The chironomids Heterotrissocladius and Micropsectra type also increased at this time suggesting greater deepwater oxygen availability. These recent water-quality improvements, possibly in response to enhanced nutrient removal from detergents and sewage, climate-related reductions in external phosphorus loads, and catchment (but not lake) acidification and reforestation, suggest that habitat for commercially-valuable cold-water fishes has improved in recent decades despite greater recreational lake-use.Paleolimnological assessment of trophic status changes in Peninsula Lake using fossil diatom and chironomid assemblages were in good agreement. Diatom inferences of [TP] and chironomid inferences of AF both suggest that Peninsula Lake was historically oligotrophic, became oligo-mesotrophic after European settlement, and returned to oligotrophy in recent yrs. Chironomid inferences of [TP] consistently underestimated the trophic status of Peninsula Lake, possibly due to its relatively large hypolimnion. These results suggest that AF represents a useful tool for quantitatively reconstructing the past trophic status of deeper, stratified lakes.     

长江荆江分蓄洪区历史演变、前景和风险管理

用部分溃坝的波流与堰流相交法模拟淦河流域溃口点的流量。以溃口点的流量、DEM为基础数据, 利用GIS的暴雨洪涝淹没模型, 对2010年7月14日淦河流域由强降水引发的溃口式洪水淹没过程进行模拟, 并利用实际灾情对模拟结果进行检验分析。模拟结果表明:随着洪水演进, 淦河流域的淹没面积不断地增大, 其中0.5~1 m水深段的淹没面积增长最快; 14日18时, 洪水到达任窝村, 20时淹没至马桥镇, 22时淹没至严洲村。灾情调查检验结果显示, 对于洪水到达时间和地点, 淹没模型模拟值与实况值较为吻合, 表明该模型在溃口式洪水淹没过程方面具有较好的模拟效果。

     

铁路客运专用线二等水准复测的实施

水准测量是确定铁路工程地面点高程的方法之一,是高程测量中精度较高且常用的方法。水准点高程不正确,直接影响路线纵断面设计和施工。     

数字水准仪误差分析与检定

分析了数字水准仪系统的误差源，阐述了仪器i角误差和综合精度的检定方法。