2000—2014年东北高纬度地区霾环境参数分析

利用探空观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,统计2000-2014年东北高纬度地区霾发生时的环境气象条件,并进行对比分析。结果表明：风垂直切变、地表风速、假相当位温垂直差、逆温强度、混合层高度、K指数、A指数、理查森数和扩散系数等指标和霾发生与维持关系密切。对于东北高纬度地区而言,500hPa与850hPa水平风垂直切变低于21m/s,地表风速在6m/s以下,理查森数大于0.3,逆温强度大于-0.9℃/100m,假相当位温垂直差大于-3K,混合层高度低于1000m,K指数和A指数低于对流天气发生时的经验阈值的情况下,大气垂直和水平方向都不利于污染物扩散,有利于霾的产生与维持。探空资料与再分析资料对应各统计指标在数值上具有较高一致性,特别是极值以外的部分,二种资料计算的指标具有显著的相关关系。对于东北高纬度地区,再分析资料可以代替探空观测资料进行环境参数分布和阈值的统计分析。     

双偏振天气雷达水平和垂直通道回波对比

本文针对南京溧水S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达获取的回波I/Q信号,采用FFT算法处理水平和垂直通道I/Q数据,分别得到水平和垂直通道回波的强度、速度值,定性分析了两通道回波强度、速度数据差异,引入平均差及均方根误差参数做定量分析。对比结果表明:两通道I/Q数据处理得到的回波层次分布基本一致;两通道速度数据差异较小,强度数据差异较大。以水平通道回波数据为基准,当回波强度小于16 dBz时,水平通道强度偏小,这可能是由云系边缘较小的针状冰晶所致;当回波强度大于32 dBz时,水平通道强度值偏大,且随回波强度的增加两通道强度差值增大,这反映了强降水中大粒子较多,而粒子越大,降落过程中扁平程度越大;两通道回波强度的差值与回波强度大小呈现一定相关性,这可能反映了单偏振天气雷达在定量测量降水中精度不高,通过双偏振雷达联合利用两通道数据有望改善雷达定量测量降水精度,提升雷达定量估测降水能力。     

碳酸盐岩常用主微量元素、同位素分析测试结果差异性探讨: 基于川中下寒武统龙王庙组实例研究*

碳酸盐岩研究中存在多种微量元素、同位素测试方法,为进一步探究各测试手段实际获取地化信息之间是否存在差异?能否进行比对?以川中下寒武统龙王庙组碳酸盐岩样品为例,通过对比研究中常用的主微量元素测试(电子探针[EPMA]、激光剥蚀—等离子质谱[LA-ICP-MS]、溶液法微量[ICP-OES])、氧同位素测定(原位离子探针[in-situ SIMS]、酸溶粉末)结果,揭示讨论各测试结果的差异性,旨在为降低地化信息的多解性提供经验依据。研究发现: (1)各测试手段(EPMA、LA-ICP-MS、ICP-OES)之间的差异性客观存在,但测试结果偏差整体随着所测元素实际浓度的增高而降低。对于主量元素(>10%)各测试结果偏差小于2%;富集元素(>1000 μg/g)各测试结果处于测试误差之内,结果偏差小于6%;微量元素浓度区间(100~1000 μg/g)各测试结果偏差显著增大,并且LA-ICP-MS与ICP-OES结果偏差要小于LA-ICP-MS与EPMA结果偏差,前者偏差幅度由6%增至45%,后者偏差幅度由9.1%增至151%;在低于100 μg/g元素浓度区间,受矿物内非均质性影响LA-ICP-MS与ICP-OES的测试结果可相差几倍。(2)微区原位限定下,EPMA测试结果在邻近检测线区间(100~300 μg/g)与LA-ICP-MS结果偏差逐渐加大,推测此偏差变化是由EPMA结果矫正过程中对低含量元素的矫正补偿机制所造成。(3)in-situ SIMS氧同位素值揭示了矿物微区尺度上的 δ¹⁸O 值差异,但其整体测试结果与传统酸溶法测试的结果存在0.5‰~2.5‰ V-PDB的负偏偏差,推测此偏差可能来自于标样矫正转换误差。(4)实例样品中可见阴极发光特征与Fe、Mn含量无关的现象,故成岩流体判定更需结合岩石学、地化证据探讨。     

Unraveling one billion years of geological evolution of the southeastern Amazonia Craton from detrital zircon analyses

Despite representing one of the largest cratons on Earth, the early geological evolution of the Amazonia Craton remains poorly known due to relatively poor exposure and because younger metamorphic and tectonic events have obscured initial information. In this study, we investigated the sedimentary archives of the Carajás Basin to unravel the early geological evolution of the southeastern Amazonia Craton. The Carajás Basin contains sedimentary rocks that were deposited throughout a long period spanning more than one billion years from the Mesoarchean to the Paleoproterozoic. The oldest archives preserved in this basin consist of a few ca. 3.6 Ga detrital zircon grains showing that the geological roots of the Amazonia Craton were already formed by the Eoarchean. During the Paleoarchean or the early Mesoarchean (<3.1 Ga), the Carajás Basin was large and rigid enough to sustain the formation and preservation of the Rio Novo Group greenstone belt. Later, during the Neoarchean, at ca. 2.7 Ga, the southeastern Amazonia Craton witnessed the emplacement of the Parauapebas Large Igneous Province (LIP) that probably covered a large part of the craton and was associated with the deposition of some of the world largest iron formations. The emplacement of this LIP immediately preceded a period of continental extension that formed a rift infilled first by iron formations followed by terrigenous sediments. This major change of sedimentary regime might have been controlled by the regional tectonic evolution of the Amazonia Craton and its emergence above sea-level. During the Paleoproterozoic, at ca. 2.1 Ga, the Rio Fresco Group, consisting of terrigenous sediments from the interior of the Amazonia Craton, was deposited in the Carajás Basin. At that time, the Amazonian lithosphere could have either underwent thermal subsidence forming a large intracratonic basin or could have been deformed by long wavelength flexures that induced the formation of basins and swells throughout the craton under the influence of the growing Transamazonian mountain belt.     

Long-term preservation of amino acid racemization interlaboratory comparison samples

This report summarizes the present status and future preservation of four Interlaboratory Comparison Samples (ILC) used in the Amino Acid Racemization (AAR) community over the past 40 years. The ILC samples are now housed in the archival collection of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.     

基于数值模拟的浅层地下水资源论证

运用数值模拟软件对户县涝渭水源地潜水含水层进行分段模拟开采,并结合分段比选法在设计要求下对布井方案进行分段比选,确定整个水源地的最优布井方案。通过对水源地整体模拟开采,计算得出潜水含水层可开采量为76 800 m3/d,且最大降深未超过7 m,水源地地下水资源取得了较好的论证。通过实际应用看出:数值模拟方法在计算地下水可开采量方面具有易于计算、精度较高的特点,可提高小区域浅层地下水资源论证的质量。     

基于GIS和遥感的水库面积计算方法比较研究——以石梁河水库为例

水库作为水利设施的重要组成部分,在蓄水、供水、防洪、泄洪等方面起着极为重要的作用。计算水库面积,对于水库的蓄水量,影响的流域范围等有着重要的参考价值。本文以石梁河水库为例,选取了较为常见的利用GIS技术和遥感技术计算水库面积的方法,并科学地比较了两种方法的优缺点,为选择水库面积计算方法提供有力依据。     

LandsatTM与HJCCD影像植被指数的交互比较

为了论证Landsat TM与HJ CCD影像植被指数间的相关关系,首先将多对同日过境的环境与灾害监测预报小卫星(HJ 1A/1B)CCD1/CCD2影像及Landsat TM影像的灰度值转换成表观反射率,然后针对不同的土地利用类型影像,通过回归分析建立二者归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)之间的定量关系,计算二者的转换方程,分析二者间的差异。结果表明,HJ CCD及Landsat TM影像的植被指数之间具有显著的线性正相关关系,转换方程的转换精度较高。     

Winds and Waves in the Yellow and East China Seas: A Comparison of Spaceborne Altimeter Measurements and Model Results

Wind speed and wave height measured by satellite altimeters represent a good data source to the study of global and regional wind and wave conditions. In this paper, the TOPEX altimeter wind and wave measurements in the Yellow and East China Seas are analyzed. The results provide a glimpse on the statistical properties and the spatial distributions of the regional wind and wave conditions. These data are excellent for use in the validation and verification of numerical simulations on global and regional scales. The altimeter measurements are compared with model output of temporal statistics and spatial distributions. The results show that the model simulations are in good agreement with TOPEX measurements in terms of the local mean and standard deviation of the variables (wave height and wind speed). For the comparison of spatial distributions, the quality of agreement between numerical simulations and altimeter measurements varies significantly from cycle to cycle of altimeter passes. In many cases, trends in the spatial distributions of wave heights and wind speeds between simulations and measurements are opposite. The statistics of biases, rms differences, linear regression coefficients and correlation coefficients are presented. A rather large percentage (∼50%) of cases show poor agreement based on a combination of low correlation, large rms difference or bias, and poor regression coefficient. There are indications that wave age is a factor affecting the performance of wave modeling skills. Generally speaking, the error statistics in the wave field is correlated to the corresponding error statistics in the wind field under the condition of active wind-wave generation. The error statistics between the wave field and the wind field become less correlated for large wave ages. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中,日渔业法规比较研究

中日两国有不同的国情和社会制度,造成两国的渔业法规必然存在差异。但是两国的渔业资源和捕捞海域有相近之处,渔业法规也应有类似的内容。由于日本渔业法规制定较早,立法体系较完备;而我国渔业法规起步较晚,立法体系较简单。本文通过对中、日两国渔业法规进行比较,从日本渔业法规中找到可供我国借鉴的地方。