Modeling Full Seismogram Envelopes Using Radiative Transfer Theory with Born Scattering Coefficients

The equation of radiative transfer is used to model the transport of seismic energy in 2-D and 3-D acoustic random media. Monte-Carlo solutions of this equation using non-isotropic Born scattering coefficients are compared to three analytical solutions: Markov approximation, radiative transfer theory with isotropic scattering coefficients, and diffusion approximation. Additionally, we compare to finite differences solutions of the full wave equation in 2-D. We find a good correspondence of radiative transfer theory to Markov approximation for the case of multiple forward scattering. The comparison to radiative transfer theory with isotropic scattering coefficients, a model frequently used in data analysis, demonstrates that in the case of forward scattering the isotropic scattering model is not better than a diffusion approach. To compare radiative transfer theory with non-isotropic scattering coefficients to finite differences solutions of the full wave equation, the finite source duration and the bandpass filter process as well as the normalization of absolute amplitudes are explicitely taken into account. We find a good coincidence of both theories for scattering parameters, which are realistic for usual Earth crust. The theory correctly describes the unscattered direct wavefront, the envelope broadening caused by multiple forward scattering, as well as the late coda caused by multiple wide angle scattering. For strong scattering, which can be expected for very heterogeneous media such as strato volcanoes, the solutions of radiative transfer differ from the more complete solutions of the full wave equation.     

梅雨锋降水带中不同地域大暴雨成因的对比分析

利用NCEP再分析场、红外卫星云图的TBB值和常规观测资料对2003年7月9—10日长江流域梅雨锋上的一次大暴雨天气过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明：这次梅雨锋暴雨是在有利的高、中、低层系统配置下，不同纬度带环流相互作用的结果，中β尺度深对流系统是暴雨的直接影响系统。但梅雨锋西段和东段暴雨的影响系统不完全相同。这次梅雨锋的锋面结构既有典型梅雨锋的一般特点，又有其独特的特征，在该次梅雨过程中不同地区梅雨锋的结构不同，梅雨锋的结构是多样的。     

Categorical maps, comparisons, and confidence

The comparison of categorical maps is a common problem in several different contexts. Differences between categorical maps can be characterized and measured in a variety of ways. In 2004 we invited individuals from remote sensing, geographical information analysis, spatial modelling, and landscape ecology to participate in a virtual workshop in order to compare strategies for comparison. This revealed that the key dimensions of comparison relate to (1) the map characteristics considered, (2) the nature of the comparison, (3) the handling of geographical space, (4) the units of computed measures, and (5) the tests of significance.Ferko Csillag deceased     

运用多尺度图像纹理进行城市扩展变化检测

 应用遥感数据检测城市扩展变化时，单纯基于光谱信息的变化检测法很难取得理想效果。本文将多尺度的纹理与光谱信息结合应用于变化检测，并评价其在检测城市扩展变化中的性能。变化检测采用分类后比较法。研究表明，如果纹理尺度与数据组合合适，与单纯基于光谱信息的检测结果相比，纹理特征与光谱特征结合的变化检测精度显著提高，而多尺度纹理辅助变化检测得到的检测精度最高。研究还发现，纹理辅助变化检测在某些地物类别的边缘会产生假变化信息。     

太行山嶂石岩地貌与云台山地貌特征

太行山中南段地区旅游地质资源十分丰富,其中河北嶂石岩国家级地质公园和河南云台山世界级地质公园旅游地质地貌特征最具特色,分别代表了本区砂岩和碳酸盐岩独特地貌景观。     

Climate change comparison between Arctic and other areas in the Northern Hemisphere since the last Interstade

Based on temperature reconstruction and proxy data from 14 sites in the Northern Hemisphere, this paper focused on comparing the cycles of temperature variations between the Arctic and other areas, including Atlantic, Europe, China, Asia, Pacific, Indian Ocean, and America during the transition from the last Interstade to the Last Glacial Maximum, from the Last Glacial Maximum to megathermal period in Holocene and the transition of the Little Ice Age (LIA) by the methods of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and Maximum Entropy Spec-trum (MES). The results showed that environmental changes in the Arctic are most similar to that in the North American and better similar to Asia, Atlantic and Pacific, the least similar to Indian Ocean and Europe. The 1500-year oscillation of temperature existed both in Arctic and Europe.     

新疆哈密市图拉尔根①号杂岩体成矿远景探讨

从区域铜镍矿成矿地质背景、矿区地球物理、地球化学特征等方面入手,对图拉尔根①号杂岩体进行岩相、岩石化学特征及矿化蚀变分析,与黄山、香山成型矿床进行对比.证实①号杂岩体岩石组合类型与香山、黄山闪长岩-辉长岩-辉石岩-橄榄岩型岩石组合相当,并具有相似的m/f、Ni/Co及较高的S值含量.矿化主要赋存在角闪橄辉岩相中,主要受杂岩体岩相带及岩相接触带间脆-韧性构造破碎带控制,认为该岩体具有形成岩浆型铜镍矿的成矿远景.     

饱和粘性土地基振击锤击碎石桩加固处理效果的应用对比

本文针对饱和粘性土地基,分别采用振击、锤击两种技术方法、工艺对其进行加固处理。结果表明:在相同布桩方案和用料条件下,振动(φ550)沉管桩较锤击(φ377)沉管桩加固效果更好。同原天然地基土相比,二者处理后的复合地基承载力和变形模量提高幅度分别为94.0%5、2.9%和65.0%、21.5%。主要因为前者有利于地基土颗粒之间的剪切与重组及其土的三维结构改变,有利于桩间土排水固结和挤密作用的发挥,且置换因素亦有较大作用;而后者不利于地基土颗粒之间的剪切与重组及其土的三维结构改变,虽然成桩密度较大,但该致密桩体却不利于超孔隙水压力的消散与桩间土排水固结作用的发挥,且由于所成桩径较小,桩体置换作用和径向挤密作用相对均较弱。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

论喷流沉积(SEDEX)成矿与沉积-改造成矿之对比

文章主要从矿床产出的构造背景、地质环境、矿床地质－地球化学特征、矿化流体来源及成矿模式等方面,结合长江中下游地区喷流沉积的块状硫的矿床,把国内外一些典型喷流沉积成矿作用与沉积－改造矿床的成矿作用,作一个系统的对比,来探求两种成矿作用之间的关系和区别,以便于指导这两类矿床的找矿工作。