Soil moisture response to snowmelt timing in mixed‐conifer subalpine forests

Western US forest ecosystems and downstream water supplies are reliant on seasonal snowmelt. Complex feedbacks govern forest–snow interactions in which forests influence the distribution of snow and the timing of snowmelt but are also sensitive to snow water availability. Notwithstanding, few studies have investigated the influence of forest structure on snow distribution, snowmelt and soil moisture response. Using a multi‐year record from co‐located observations of snow depth and soil moisture, we evaluated the influence of forest‐canopy position on snow accumulation and snow depth depletion, and associated controls on the timing of soil moisture response at Boulder Creek, Colorado, Jemez River Basin, New Mexico, and the Wolverton Basin, California. Forest‐canopy controls on snow accumulation led to 12–42 cm greater peak snow depths in open versus under‐canopy positions. Differences in accumulation and melt across sites resulted in earlier snow disappearance in open positions at Jemez and earlier snow disappearance in under‐canopy positions at Boulder and Wolverton sites. Irrespective of net snow accumulation, we found that peak annual soil moisture was nearly synchronous with the date of snow disappearance at all sites with an average deviation of 12, 3 and 22 days at Jemez, Boulder and Wolverton sites, respectively. Interestingly, sites in the Sierra Nevada showed peak soil moisture prior to snow disappearance at both our intensive study site and the nearby snow telemetry stations. Our results imply that the duration of soil water stress may increase as regional warming or forest disturbance lead to earlier snow disappearance and soil moisture recession in subalpine forests. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crystal Structure and Chemical Composition of Ludwigite from Vranovac Ore Deposit (Boranja Mountain,Serbia)

The crystal structure of ludwigite from Vranovac ore deposit (Boranja Mt., Serbia) was refined using the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) Rietveld method in the space group Pbam to a final RB=7.45% and RF=5.26%. It has the unit cell dimensions of: a=9.2515(2) ?; b=12.3109(2) ?; c=3.03712(7) ?; and V=345.91(1) ?3. The calculated distances and angles are mostly in good agreement with the Mg2+-Fe2+ substitutions across the M(1) and M(3) sites, as well as with the Fe3+-Al3+ replacement in the M(4) site. However, the mean observed M(2)-O distance is considerably shorter than prescribed, due to a slight increase of the Fe3+ content in the M(2) site. Such replacement was compensated by slight increase of the Fe2+ content in the M(4) site, resulting in the (Mg1.48Fe2+0.46Fe3+0.05Mn0.02)2.01(Fe3+0.94Fe2+0.04Al0.02)1.00B1.00O5 composition. The formation temperature was estimated to be about 500–600°C. The influences of the various chemical compositions to the crystallographic parameters, M-O distances, M(3) and M(4) sites shift, distortion parameters and estimated valences, were also studied and compared with other reference samples.     

基于机器学习的贫困地区识别算法对比——以陕西省为例

以传统社会经济指标为主导的贫困识别依赖于详尽的普查抽查数据,收集和处理不同质量和数量的普查抽查数据来研究区域贫困需要耗费大量的人力物力和时间,难以快速动态地监测贫困状态。然而时间分辨率高且客观易获取的夜间灯光数据可以在一定程度上弥补统计数据的劣势,即时地反映地表社会经济现象。机器学习算法能够从这些数据中学习出规律和模式,从中挖掘出潜在信息来识别贫困地区。基于陕西省NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据,通过构造多维统计变量,利用逻辑回归、支持向量机、K近邻、随机森林、决策树和梯度提升树6种监督分类算法识别贫困地区。结果表明从夜间灯光数据提取的多维特征能够更好的应用于贫困地区的识别,6种算法都能够准确的识别贫困地区,分类结果在空间上具有相似性,且表现出一定的地域性,分类准确度达到76.82%~83.20%。根据混淆矩阵进一步对比各个算法的特点,认为随机森林算法在误差偏移和分类精度等方面综合表现最佳。     

青藏高原条件下现场分析方法的适应性

针对青藏高原的特殊环境和区域化探异常查证周期长的特点,开展了现场分析测试的适应性研究。选择便携台式X荧光仪,对仪器进行了标定,考察了仪器的稳定性,确定了样品的加工粒级为-160目和粉末状试样。通过亚卓查证区现场分析,其结果与室内分析结果基本相符,达到了试验研究目的,确定了一种及时提供分析结果的现场分析方法,采用该方法可有效缩短异常查证周期。     

山西长治南部经坊煤矿奥陶系峰峰组水文地质条件分析

经坊煤矿目前开采的山西组3号煤层逐步枯竭,矿井设计开采太原组8、9、14、15号煤层。奥陶系峰峰组是太原组煤层底板的间接充水含水层。以往大多数勘查成果得出该地区峰峰组岩溶裂隙发育较差,富水性弱-中等的结论,以至于个别矿井在奥灰带压开采危险性评价时甚至将其视为相对隔水层。因此,查明峰峰组的水文地质特征是太原组煤层能否实现安全带压开采的关键。通过岩心采取、抽水试验和水化学分析等多种手段的勘查认为:该地区峰峰组富水性普遍较强,处于主径流带附近富水性极强。该研究对于长治南部地区供水勘查和太原组煤层安全带压开采具有重要的指导意义。     

阿尔金断裂系参照地质体的对比和位移量的认识

阿尔金断裂系是由多条断裂组成的、规模巨大的走滑断裂体系,对于其走滑位移近几十年来许多学者用不同的方法进行了测量和估算,但认识很不一致:从250～1050km不等。本文就其中参照地质体进行分析,归纳与总结各种性质参照地质体的可适用性,最后认为阿尔金断裂系位移量应该包括主干阿尔金断裂的走滑位移量400km和该断裂系北西侧断裂的走滑位移量两部分,故总位移量应至少为400km。     

营山地区上三叠统与中、下侏罗统油气源特征对比研究

从烃源岩特征、天然气组分、油气碳同位素、凝析油全烃和轻烃、储层沥青等方面对营山地区上三叠统和中、下侏罗统油气源特征进行了对比研究,阐明了营山地区上三叠统须家河组和中、下侏罗统油气的地球化学特征、成因和可能来源。研究表明营山地区上三叠统须家河组油气主要来自须家河组自身的煤系烃源岩,天然气以成熟腐殖型母质成因为主,而中、下侏罗统气藏产出的油气主要来自其自身的烃源岩。营山地区构造活动强烈,断层发育,使得部分井区中、下侏罗统产出的天然气特征与下伏产层极为相似,反映了断层对该井区附近的各层段有一定的沟通作用。中、下侏罗统地层在部分井区可能有上三叠统须家河组油气的侵入,须家河组烃源岩对中、下侏罗统油气成藏有一定贡献作用。     

关于LAMOST天体测量标准天区选择的建议

简述已有几个天体测量标准天区的大小、星数以及恒星位置和自行的精度；给出LAMOST天体测量标准天区选择的原则；介绍研究疏散星团和古德带附近星团观测的意义；列出13个LAMOST天体测量标准天区J2000．0历元的赤经和赤纬、银经和银纬，如果疏散星团位于这个标准天区，也给出它们的日心距、红化值、金属丰度和年龄。     

浙江雁荡山地区晚中生代火山-沉积岩系地层归属讨论

浙江雁荡山地区晚中生代火山-沉积岩系的地层归属,存在磨石山群和永康群两种截然不同的认识.本文在详细分析对比了该区与浙东南磨石山群和永康群的地层层序、岩相组合、接触关系,古生物组合,同位素地质年龄,Nd同位素体系特征以及火山构造类型等方面的资料,认为除原划为永康群盆地外,仅桥下地区有面积不大的永康群,其余均为早白垩世早期的磨石山群,而不是早白恶世晚期至晚白垩世早期的永康群.特别是在永嘉枫林村北,首次发现并证实了不整合覆于震旦系浅变质岩之上的大爽组地层,为浙东南沿海晚中生界火山-沉积岩系的划分对比提供了坚实的基础.     

FDE index for goodness‐of‐fit between measured and calculated response signals

A method is presented for determining the goodness‐of‐fit between measured and calculated structural response signals. The method is termed as the frequency domain error (FDE) index, which is a value between 0 and 1 where zero indicates a perfect correlation. The FDE is calculated from the Fourier spectra of the measured and calculated waveforms, using a relatively simple calculation procedure, readily implemented using standard fast Fourier transform (FFT) libraries. The FDE is demonstrated herein using three different types of problems: simple harmonic waves, a large number of earthquake response simulations, and a set of limited simulations. Along with the FDE concept, effective methods for displaying the results are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.