居住环境剥夺测度及其对房价的影响——以兰州市为例

小区是居民日常生活和构建社会关系的重要场所,由于居住环境差异,导致剥夺现象发生。为探究居住环境剥夺对房价的作用机制,构建居住环境剥夺测度体系,创新了居住环境剥夺指数计算方法,运用混合地理加权回归模型和地理探测器分析居住环境剥夺与房价的关系。结果表明：（1） 兰州市平均房价为12566.93元·m^-2,空间上呈现出多核心、组团式分布格局,表现为从核心向外逐级递减的趋势。（2） 基于6个维度服务设施数量和种类差异,居住环境剥夺也呈现出不同空间分布格局。（3） 所有服务剥夺均与房价呈负相关,教育服务剥夺对房价影响力最强,生活服务剥夺对房价影响力最弱,教育和交通服务剥夺交互作用对房价解释力最强。研究结果对促进资源配置公平和城市健康快速发展至关重要。     

基于遥感影像的黄河内蒙古段冰-水分类研究

及时获取凌汛期河冰和水体的空间分布特征,对于预测冰凌灾害、提高防凌信息化管理水平有重要意义。遥感技术是当前获取河冰和水体空间分布的最主要手段之一。但是,黄河水体有大量悬浮泥沙,这给基于遥感技术的高精度冰-水分类带来了挑战。以黄河内蒙古段为例,基于Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像数据,在利用归一化积雪指数（NDSI）及河道矢量数据排除无关地物的基础上,对比了近红外波段反射率值、归一化差异水体指数（NDWI）、归一化积雪指数（NDSI）、改进的归一化积雪指数（MNDSI）以及归一化差异未封冻水体指数（NDUWI）在黄河内蒙古段典型河道河冰、水体分类中的表现,计算各指标总体分类精度及Kappa系数并进行阈值稳定性分析。结果表明：在利用NDSI和高清历史影像排除河道外无关地物后,NDUWI在各子段影像中的总体分类精度和Kappa系数均达到90.00%及0.90以上,其河冰、水体最优区分阈值大体分布于阈值中值附近。研究结果可为凌汛期黄河冰凌监测方法的选取以及冰上爆破位置的拟定提供依据。     

一次华北气旋造成北京特大暴雪天气过程分析

利用北京延庆站和海淀站风廓线产品、微波辐射计产品、北京市雷达产品(南郊和车道沟)、北京市58个称重雨量站观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图、常规气象资料综合分析2012年11月3到4日北京暴雪天气过程。分析表明：降水相态(雨、雪)由华北气旋的锋面性质和锋面位置决定;过程雨雪量由气旋的强度、持续时间和水汽通道维持时间决定;风廓线和微波辐射计产品资料在雨雪开始时间、雨雪相态转换方面有明显的指示性作用。     

地理国情普查要素采集要求在生产自查中的应用

地理国情普查是一项重大的国情国力调查,应综合考虑各个行业的需求。本文结合地理国情普查内容及要求,对生产作业过程中自查内容及注意事项作出分析总结,进行指导讲解。     

汶川县居民地要素空间分布特征分析

文章运用GIS空间分析技术,以四川省汶川县为研究区域,对居民地的空间分布特征及其影响因素进行分析.研究结果表明:汶川县居民地大体呈条带状分布,具有强烈的低海拔取向,其分布的优势地形区段为海拔2000m以下,居民地分布具有明显的沿河分布特征;在乡镇层面上汶川县居民地呈现一定的集聚分布特征,主要分布在海拔较低的水磨镇、漩口镇及县城所在地威州镇.研究成果可为汶川县居民地的整治规划提供参考.     

三维地形可视化中不同图元渲染效率比较分析

大规模地形场景一般由几百万甚至更多的顶点构成,地形瓦片的图元组织与绘制效率直接决定了地形渲染的速度和质量。为明确Triangles,Triangle Strip,Triangle Fan和优化的Triangle Strip图元渲染效率,选取常用的11种大小瓦片样本进行对比试验。从初始化时间、索引缓存大小和实时绘制时间3个方面评估图元效率。结果表明：在地形瓦片小于256时,Triangles和优化的Triangle Strip具备较高的渲染效率,Triangles会占用较大的索引缓存;在地形瓦片超过256时,优化后的Triangle Strip图元具有最高绘制效率,并且占用最小的索引缓存。     

池养条件下军曹鱼仔鱼的消化道内容物

采用光镜解剖观察的方法对池塘培育的1~20日龄军曹鱼仔鱼消化道内容物的种类、数量和大小进行研究。结果显示:军曹鱼仔鱼于2日龄开口,主要摄食桡足类无节幼体和桡足幼体及枝角类;在2~20日龄阶段,桡足类在军曹鱼仔鱼食谱中占据主要成分;从13日龄开始摄食虾、蟹类幼体等大型浮游动物,两个阶段的食物选择性指数存在显著差异。     

Comparison of interception,forest floor evaporation and transpiration in Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus plantations

Studies of evapotranspiration (ET) processes in forests often only measure one component of total ET, most commonly interception. This study examined all three components of annual ET (interception, evaporation from the forest floor and transpiration) and the correlations between them at 18 plantation forest sites in two species. All plantations had closed canopies, and sparse or no understorey. Single‐sided leaf area index averaged 3.5 (standard deviation ±0.5) in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and 6.1 (±0.8) in Pinus radiata D.Don. Measurements included annual totals of rainfall in the open and under the canopy, stem flow (four sites only), evaporation from the forest floor and transpiration by the overstorey. Interception (I) averaged 19% (±4.9) of annual rainfall in E. globulus compared with 31% (±11.1) in P. radiata. However, higher annual interception in P. radiata did not result in higher total ET because annual evaporation from the forest floor (E) averaged 29% (±4.9) of rainfall in E. globulus but only 15% (±3.5) in P. radiata. Hence, the relative contribution of annual I plus E to ET did not differ significantly between the two species, averaging 48% (±7.3) of annual rainfall in E. globulus compared with 46% (±11.8) in P. radiata. As reported previously, transpiration did not differ significantly between the two species either, but was strongly related to depth‐to‐groundwater. In closed canopy plantations, mean annual ET did not differ between the two species. We conclude that when grown in plantations under similar soil and climatic conditions, conifer and broad‐leaved tree species can have similar annual ET, once the canopy of the plantation has closed. Lower average annual interception in broad‐leaved trees was offset by higher soil evaporation. These results highlight the importance of measuring all components of ET in studies of vegetation water use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low‐cost monitoring of snow height and thermal properties with inexpensive temperature sensors

Small, self‐recording temperature sensors were installed at several heights along a metal rod at five locations in a case study catchment. For each sensor, the presence or absence of snow cover was determined on the basis of its insulating effect and the resulting reduction of the diurnal temperature oscillations. Sensor coverage was then converted into a time series of snow height for each location. Additionally, cold content was calculated. Snow height and cold content provide valuable information for spring flood prediction. Good agreement of estimated snow heights with reference measurements was achieved and increased discharge in the study catchment coincided with low cold content of the snow cover. The results of the proposed distributed assessment of snow cover and snow state show great potential for (i) flood warning, (ii) assimilation of snow state data and (iii) modelling snowmelt process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对流层折射对超视距雷达信号定位的影响

超视距雷达信号的精确定位对于提高超视距探测能力有十分重要的意义。但由于对流层中的折射效应，定位系统所测目标的仰角、距离等参量均存在一定的折射误差。主要分析对流层的折射效应对超视距雷达信号定位的影响，并且给出相应的折射误差图（仰角误差和距离误差）；此外，还针对3种不同的大气折射指数模型进行比较，得出折射误差对比图。