一种基于小波变换的GPS基线求解算法

在分析ＧＰＳ相位观测粗差,周跳及随机噪声的小波变换特性基础上,提出了基于小波变换的ＧＰＳ相位粗差探测及小波滤波算法,并提出了基于波滤波的ＧＰＳ基线求解算法,该方法能缩小模糊度搜索空间,提高整数模糊度解的有效性。     

Optimal energy‐based seismic design of non‐conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) implemented via inter‐story isolation

Inter‐story isolation, an effective strategy for mitigating the seismic risk of both new and existing buildings, has gained more and more interest in recent years as alternative to base isolation, whenever the latter results to be impractical, technically difficult or uneconomic. As suggested by the name, the technique consists in inserting flexible isolators at floor levels other than the base along the height of a multi‐story building, thus realizing a non‐conventional Tuned Mass Damper (TMD). Consistent with this, an optimal design methodology is developed in the present paper with the objective of achieving the global protection of both the structural portions separated by the inter‐story isolation system, that is, the lower portion (below the isolation system) and the isolated upper portion (above the isolation system). The optimization procedure is formulated on the basis of an energy performance criterion that consists in maximizing the ratio between the energy dissipated in the isolation system and the input energy globally transferred to the entire structure. Numerical simulations, performed under natural accelerograms with different frequency content and considering increasing isolation levels along the height of a reference frame structure, are used to investigate the seismic performance of the optimized inter‐story isolation systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inter‐annual variability in the effects of riparian woodland on micro‐climate,energy exchanges and water temperature of an upland Scottish stream

The influence of riparian woodland on stream temperature, micro‐climate and energy exchange was investigated over seven calendar years. Continuous data were collected from two reaches of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) with contrasting land use characteristics: (1) semi‐natural riparian forest and (2) open moorland. In the moorland reach, wind speed and energy fluxes (especially net radiation, latent heat and sensible heat) varied considerably between years because of variable riparian micro‐climate coupled strongly to prevailing meteorological conditions. In the forested reach, riparian vegetation sheltered the stream from meteorological conditions that produced a moderated micro‐climate and thus energy exchange conditions, which were relatively stable between years. Net energy gains (losses) in spring and summer (autumn and winter) were typically greater in the moorland than the forest. However, when particularly high latent heat loss or low net radiation gain occurred in the moorland, net energy gain (loss) was less than that in the forest during the spring and summer (autumn and winter) months. Spring and summer water temperature was typically cooler in the forest and characterised by less inter‐annual variability due to reduced, more inter‐annually stable energy gain in the forested reach. The effect of riparian vegetation on autumn and winter water temperature dynamics was less clear because of the confounding effects of reach‐scale inflows of thermally stable groundwater in the moorland reach, which strongly influenced the local heat budget. These findings provide new insights as to the hydrometeorological conditions under which semi‐natural riparian forest may be effective in mitigating river thermal variability, notably peaks, under present and future climates. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Effects of vertical irregularity and thickness of unreinforced masonry infill on the robustness of RC framed buildings

Presence of irregularities in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings increases seismic vulnerability. During severe seismic shaking, such buildings may suffer disproportionate damage or even collapse that can be minimized by increasing robustness. Robustness is a desirable property of structural systems that can mitigate susceptible buildings to disproportionate collapse. In this paper, the effects of vertical irregularity and thickness of unreinforced masonry infill on the robustness of a six‐story three‐bay RC frame are quantified. Nonlinear static analysis of the frame is performed, and parametric study is undertaken by considering two parameters: absence of masonry infill at different floors (i.e., vertical irregularities) and infill thickness. Robustness has been quantified in terms of stiffness, base shear, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity of the frame. It was observed that the infill thickness and vertical irregularity have significant influence on the response of RC frame. The response surface method is used to develop a predictive equation for robustness as a function of the two parameters. The predictive equation is validated further using 12 randomly selected computer simulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔里木河下游生态输水河道两侧区域地下水运动规律研究

根据塔里木河下游断流区域含水层水文地质特征及其实际输水过程中河水对浅层地下水的补给规律,建立了塔里木河下游绿色走廊生态输水河道附近区域地下水运动的一维非稳定流模型,并通过在整个输水过程中流量与水位两种边界条件相互转换的一种方法求解模型。最后应用上述模型分析了间歇性输水条件下塔里本河下游断流河段河道两侧地下水位恢复状况,为输水生态效益的定量评价及其今后输水工作的决策提供理论基础。     

IAGC and IAEA Interlaboratory Comparisons of Geothermal Water Chemistry: The Propagation of Uncertainty in the Reservoir pH Calculation

A statistical evaluation of the results of geochemical analyses of geothermal waters during interlaboratory comparison programmes of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was performed to estimate the uncertainty of measurement of pH, electrical conductivity, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca2⁺, Mg²⁺, Li⁺, Cl^?, HCO₃^?, SO₄^2?, SiO₂ and B. The uncertainty of measurement was found to increase exponentially with decrease in value (concentration) for all the parameters except for pH, electrical conductivity and SiO₂ and was of the same order of magnitude as the concentrations for values of less than 1 μ ml^?1. There was an overall uncertainty of ± 2.5% in the measurement of pH and ± 30% in SiO₂. For all the other chemical species the uncertainty data were modelled by exponential curves. The sample IAEA14 was prepared by dissolving commercial reagents (i.e., represents a solution of known composition). Thus, the calculated values are considered to be the conventional true values for each chemical parameter. The difference between the measured mean of the data submitted by participating laboratories and the conventional true value for each parameter (i.e., bias of submitted measurements) for the species Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^? and SO₄^2? was ‐3.5, ‐1.1, ‐13.3, ‐53.6, ‐12.6 and ‐86.6%, respectively. The observed bias was of the same order of magnitude as statistical fluctuations (1s) for Na⁺ and K⁺, but significantly higher for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^? and SO₄^2?. Two methods, uncertainty interval and GUM (“guide to the expression of uncertainty of measurement”) were used to propagate uncertainty in the pH calculation of geothermal reservoir fluid. The application of the methods is illustrated by considering the IAEA10 and IAEA11 samples analysed in the interlaboratory comparisons as separated geothermal waters at atmospheric pressure.     

冬季亚洲—太平洋涛动年际变率与东亚气候异常

利用1948—2011年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和1951—2010年我国160站降水量资料,研究了冬季亚洲—太平洋区域的大气遥相关及其与东亚冬季风和降水的关系。结果表明:冬季在亚洲—西太平洋与中、东太平洋中低纬度对流层上层扰动温度之间存在类似于夏季的亚洲—太平洋涛动 (APO) 现象,即当东亚中低纬度对流层中、上层偏暖时,中东太平洋中低纬度对流层中上层温度偏冷,反之亦然。冬季APO可以反映冬季亚洲—太平洋东西向热力差异强度变化,与夏季相比,冬季APO遥相关在亚洲的中心位置略偏南、偏东,且冬季APO与大气环流关系与夏季也有所不同;当冬季APO指数偏高时,对流层上层东亚大槽位置偏西,而东亚热带地区的高压向北伸展,导致我国南方对流层为深厚的异常反气旋系统所控制,此时南方地区对流层低层盛行异常的偏东北气流,并伴随水汽辐散和异常下沉运动,南方降水偏少;冬季APO指数与ENSO有紧密联系。     

Influence of rock‐pool characteristics on the distribution and abundance of inter‐tidal fishes

Rock pools can be found in inter‐tidal marine environments worldwide; however, there have been few studies exploring what drives their, fish species composition, especially in Australia. The rock‐pool environment is highly dynamic and offers a unique natural laboratory to study the habitat choices, physiological limitations and adaptations of inter‐tidal fish species. In this study rock pools of the Sydney region were sampled to determine how the physical (volume, depth, rock cover and vertical position) and biological (algal cover and predator presence) parameters of pools influence fish distribution and abundance. A total of 27 fish species representing 14 families was observed in tide pools at the four study locations. The five most abundant species were Bathygobius cocosensis, Centropogon australis, Enneapterygius atrogulare, Lepidoblennius haplodactylus and Microcanthus strigatus, which together represented 71% of the total number of fish recorded. Larger rock pools containing more algal and rock ledge cover hosted a larger and more diverse population of fish. Furthermore, certain species were only found in pools with specific characteristics, such as the presence of loose shells, a variety algae or rock cover, suggesting a high degree of habitat specificity. By contrast, some species were ubiquitous and thus can likely tolerate a wide variety of physical conditions.     

参加BRIUGIC-2012铀矿地质样品成分分析实验室间比对的结果

核工业地质分析测试研究中心于2012年8月组织有关实验室进行了"BRIUG IC-2012铀矿地质样品成分分析实验室间比对"活动。本实验室在低本底铅室内用HPGeγ谱仪对5个样品进行了测量,通过相对比较法给出了各样品放射性核素238 U、232 Th、226 Ra、40 K的含量。比对结果仅Albriug-4样品的40 K测量值不满意,其他均为满意。对该次比对测量中存在的问题进行了初步分析和讨论,认为Albriug-4样品的测量值偏高是核素228 Ac的1459.2keV的特征峰干扰所致,测量值经干扰校正后,结果令人满意。而样品Albriug-1的232 Th测试项目给出的结果虽然为满意,但本实验室结果24.0μg/g与中位值49.3μg/g的偏差很大,认为可能是样品的钍系不平衡所致。     

SAGD开发中突破夹层技术对策研究

开发实践表明,稠油油藏内部发育的夹层影响蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)开发效果。实际SAGD开发应当充分考虑夹层对SAGD生产效果的影响,寻找突破夹层的有效对策,以期提高SAGD产量。以国内某超稠油油藏地质特征为基础,结合夹层岩石力学参数测试结果,利用耦合岩石力学数值模拟技术确定了不同参数(岩石力学参数、物性参数、操作参数)对岩石变形量、SAGD产量的敏感性。研究结果表明,夹层的渗透率和SAGD注汽压力是影响SAGD产量的主要因素。进一步地,针对夹层特征,结合实际操作可行性,提出了提高注汽压力和直井辅助两种突破夹层技术对策,并给出了相应的技术界限及突破效果,该研究结果可用于指导稠油油藏双水平井SAGD经济高效开发