Temporal variability and characterization of physicochemical properties in the neritic area of Sagami Bay,Japan

Seasonal and interannual variations in physicochemical properties were investigated in the neritic area of Sagami Bay, Kanagawa, Japan, from December 2000 to December 2005. Physicochemical properties (i.e. temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic nutrient concentration) revealed clear seasonal variations, which were similar to each other during all 5 years. Temperature, salinity and dissolved inorganic nutrients showed rapid, drastic variations within a few days and/or weeks. These variations are related to sea levels, principally due to the shifting effects of the Kuroshio Current axis: they were strongly affected by the Kuroshio Water and other waters, when sea level difference was greater than ca. 35 cm and lower than ca. 15 cm, respectively. Temperature difference (DF _T ) increased with sea level difference, and the difference of salinity and dissolved inorganic nutrients (NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ⁻+NO₂ ⁻-N, NH₄ ⁺+NO₃ ⁻+NO₂ ⁻-N, PO₄ ³⁻-P and SiO₂-Si) increased and decreased with DF _T , respectively. All these correlations are significant. Total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and silicate (Si) revealed seasonal variations in the ranges of 0.57–16.08, 0.0070–0.91 and 0.22–46.38 μM, respectively. From the regression equations between these elements allowed the following relation to be obtained; Si:N:P = 14.8:13.4:1. Dissolved inorganic nutrients were characterized by Si and/or P deficiency, especially in the upper layer (0–20 m depth) during summer. Single and/or combined elements are discussed on the basis of potential and stoichiometric nutrient limitations, which could restrict phytoplankton (diatom) growth as a limiting factor.     

无机氮浓度及其配比对细基江蓠繁枝变型生长及生化组成的影响

在实验室条件下分别研究了NO3--N和NH4 -N浓度及其配比对细基江蓠繁枝变型(Gracilariatenuistipitatavar.liuiZhangetXia)生长及生化组成的影响。结果表明,过低的NO3--N浓度(0,10μmol/L)或过高的NO3--N浓度(60,80μmol/L)、过低的NH4 -N浓度(0,2.5μmol/L)或过高的NH4 -N浓度(10,20,40μmol/L)、过低的NH4 -N/NO3--N比值(1/35,1/7)或过高的NH4 -N/NO3--N比值(3/7,4/7)条件下,江蓠均表现为生长速率明显减慢(P<0.05)、藻体内藻红素(PE)、叶绿素a、蛋白质含量显著降低(P<0.05);而分别在NO3--N20μmol/L、NH4 -N5μmol/L、NH4 -N/NO3--N2/7(TIN20mol/L)的条件下,江蓠可获得最快生长速率和最高的PE、叶绿素a、蛋白质含量以及最低的碳水化合物/蛋白质比值。     

Investigating landfill‐impacted groundwater seepage into headwater streams using stable carbon isotopes

The impact of landfill contaminated groundwater along a reach of a small stream adjacent to a municipal landfill was investigated using stable carbon isotopes as a tracer. Groundwater below the stream channel, groundwater seeping into the stream, groundwater from the stream banks and stream water were sampled and analysed for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the isotope ratio of DIC (δ¹³C_DIC). Representative samples of groundwater seeping into the stream were collected using a device (a ‘seepage well’) specifically designed for collecting samples of groundwater seeping into shallow streams with soft sediments. The DIC and δ¹³C_DIC of water samples ranged from 52 to 205 mg C/L and ?16·9 to +5·7‰ relative to VPDB standard, respectively. Groundwater from the stream bank adjacent to the landfill and some samples of groundwater below the stream channel and seepage into the stream showed evidence of δ¹³C enriched DIC (δ¹³C_DIC = ?2·3 to +5·7‰), which we attribute to landfill impact. Stream water and groundwater from the stream bank opposite the landfill did not show evidence of landfill carbon (δ¹³C_DIC = ?10·0 to ?16·9‰). A simple mixing model using DIC and δ¹³C_DIC showed that groundwater below the stream and groundwater seeping into the stream could be described as a mixture of groundwater with a landfill carbon signature and uncontaminated groundwater. This study suggests that the hyporheic zone at the stream–groundwater interface probably was impacted by landfill contaminated groundwater and may have significant ecological implications for this ecotone. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved geological mapping using landsat-5 TM data in Weixi area,Yunnan province China

Different image processing algorithms have been evaluated in the context of geological mapping using Landsat TM data. False color composites, the principal component imagery, and IHS decorrelation stretching method for Landsat-5 TM data have been found useful for delineating the regional geological features, mainly to provide the maximum geological information of the studied area. The study testifies that using which image processing yields best results for geological mapping in arid and semiarid regions by preserving morphological and spectral information. Generally, the studied area can be divided into three main geological units: Basaltic intrusive rocks, Metamorphic with varying intensities and Sedimentary rocks.     

聚合物钻井液防塌机理的试验研究

在试验研究的基础上对比了无机聚合物硅酸盐和有机聚合物——聚乙烯醇（PVA）、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（PHPA）、非水解聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）和聚丙烯酸钾防塌能力的大小；由试验得出吸附成膜速度的快慢和保护膜的致密程度是决定钻井液体系防塌能力的关键因素；钻井液体系的防塌能力是无机聚合物和有机物质协同作用的结果；部分水解聚丙烯酰胺钻井液体系的防塌能力较非水解聚丙烯酰胺钻井液体系的防塌能力强；Na-CMC和PHP的加入可提高吸附膜的致密性及体系的防塌能力。     

The effects of layering and local stresses in composite volcanoes on dyke emplacement and volcanic hazards

Since most volcanic eruptions are fed by dykes, any assessment of volcanic hazards in an area must include an evaluation of the probability of injected dykes either reaching the surface or becoming arrested. Composite volcanoes are normally composed of alternating stiff (high Young's modulus) and soft (low Young's modulus) layers. Numerical models indicate that during unrest periods with magma-chamber inflation, the local stresses in composite volcanoes commonly prevent dyke-fed eruptions: while the stresses in the stiff layers may favour dyke propagation and seismogenic faulting, the local stresses in the soft layer remain seismically quiet and favour dyke arrest. Geodetic and field studies also indicate that most dykes never reach the surface, and that only a small fraction of the magma volume injected from a chamber erupts at the surface. I propose that for a dyke-fed eruption to occur, all the layers along the potential pathway of the dyke must have local stresses that favour magma-driven extension-fracture propagation. Thus, the stress field along the pathway must be homogenised. To cite this article: A. Gudmundsson, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

陶瓷基复合材料及其制造工艺

就陶瓷基复合材料的增韧机理、基体和增强增韧纤维的选择、陶瓷基复合材料的制造工艺,尤其是ＣＶＩ工艺作了较为全面的总结和介绍,并提出了陶瓷基复合材料亟待解决的问题和发展方向。     

Distribution and Fluxes of Calcium Carbonatealong the Continental Margin in the Gulf of Biscay

Compositions of major components in suspended matter,collected by centrifugation, in situ pumping andsediment traps, in the Gulf of Biscay during the OMEXproject were determined and compared. The resultsshow a strong and rapid decrease in the concentrationof biogenic fraction in the upper 200 m of the watercolumn which may be attributed to the preferentialremoval of this component due to the production offaecal pellets and to the formation of marine snow. Concurrent decrease with depth of the organic andinorganic carbon contents demonstrate the importanceof the respiration of organic matter and thedissolution of calcium carbonate in the oceanic carboncycling. Lithogenic and carbonate fluxes across thecontinental slope in the Goban Spur area wereevaluated based on sediment trap records. The rate ofproduction of calcium carbonate in the surface waters(100 g CaCO3 m-2y-1), deduced from theprimary production measurements, is much largercompared to the fluxes of this component observed inthe sediment traps (5–21 g CaCO3 m-2y-1)and to its rate of burial (9–31 gCaCO3 m-2y-1). It strongly suggeststhe occurrence of carbonate dissolution, even inwaters oversaturated with respect to the mineral phaseconsidered. This is likely to be associated with therespiration of organic matter within the faecalpellets, or at the surface of biogenic calcite oraragonite