无机与有机混合成因的天然气藏

东营凹陷西南部花沟地区发现的二氧化碳气藏,多数专家认为是幔源气,本文通过该区高青断裂下降盘的一个二氧化碳藏与其上倾方向上的一生物甲烷气藏的对比研究,认为它们都是无机与有机混合成因的气藏,二氧化碳质量分数较高的气藏幔源气为主,混有少量有机成因气;生物甲烷气藏以有机成因气为主,混有少量无机气,根据碳同位素组成和稀有气体同位素组成分析,认为研究区不存在纯的幔源气,文中还对这些气藏的形成进行了分析。     

Fractions and Bioavailability of Soil Inorganic Phosphorus in the Loess Plateau of China under Different Vegetations

Plants play an important role in soil phosphorus nutrition. However, the effect of plants on phosphorus nutrition in soils of the Loess Plateau of China is not well understood. This study was conducted to reveal the relationships between plants and phosphorus’ fractions and availability in the Loess Plateau of China. Twenty-two plant communities were surveyed and soil samples under different plant canopies were collected for the determination of soil properties and inorganic phosphorus fractionation. The results showed that Leguminosae and Lilaceae reduced pH and increased organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total and Olsen phosphorus in soils under their canopies, while Labiatae and Rosaceae increased pH and decreased organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total and Olsen phosphorus in soils under their canopies. The contents of Ca2P, Ca8P, Al-P and Fe-P were highly related with soil Olsen phosphorus. They were all higher in soils under Leguminosae and Lilaceae and lower in soils under Labiatae and Rosaceae. The results of this study indicate that Leguminosae and Lilaceae improved phosphorus nutrition in soils, yet Labiatae and Rosaceae impeded the improvement of phosphorus nutrition in soils under their canopies, which will be of more help to instruct vegetation restoration in the region and provide information for soil development.     

苏南块体的深部构造及其油气前景

苏南块体中地壳存在一低速层,Vp约为5.8～6.0km/s,它与地下高导层相对应,电阻率仅4～20Ω·m,是中地壳塑性层的反映;苏南块体属于太平洋型块体,是有利的油气分布区块;它处在地球化学急变带上,壳幔相互作用比较强烈,故该区的油气受深部因素的影响或控制比较明显,是有利的深部无机成因油气分布区。中地壳低速高导层(蛇纹石化橄榄岩)构成油气“发生器”;上地幔则是“原料库”;沉积盆地是“存储器”。当地幔流体中H2缺失或不足时便没有烃生成,只能形成CO2或以CO2为主的气藏。黄桥CO2气藏已被公认是幔源无机成因气体,实质上是由在中地壳进行的不完整费-托合成反应所致。镇江—常州—无锡—苏州—昆山一带为油气富集带,具有深部成因油气的良好远景。     

Does a representative volume element exist for fatigue life prediction? The case of aggregate composites

In a previous work, discrete modeling and a statistical approach were used to quantify the minimal representative volume element (RVE) size for aggregate composites, such as bituminous materials in the linear elastic regime (Comput. Mater. Sci. 2005; 33 :467–490). In this paper, the discrete model is extended to strain‐softening behavior under cyclic loading. The existence of a RVE for fatigue life prediction is numerically proved and its minimal size is determined. It is found that it is much larger than the minimal RVE size in the elastic regime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上海滨岸潮滩水沉积物中无机氮的季节性变化

对长江口南翼上海滨岸带3个站点潮滩上覆水，沉积物和间隙水中的3态无机氮的含量分布的年度季节性监测研究表明：潮滩上覆水中溶解无机氮以NO3－N为主：表层沉积物中可交换态无机氮以NH4－N为主，约占70％－85％，沉积物间隙水中主要无机氮为NH4－N和NO3－N。潮滩水体中NH4－N的季节性变化幅度不大，而NO3－N和NO2－N的季节性变化明显，在冬季含量明显降低；但沉积物和间隙水中氮氨和硝态氮的浓度在冬季则有较大增加。初步探讨了潮滩水和沉积物中无机氮分布季节性变化的主要影响因素，估算了潮滩表层沉积物－水界面无机氮的扩散通量，指出NH4－N的扩散释放对滨岸水环境质量影响较大。     

Leaky savannas: the significance of lateral carbon fluxes in the seasonal tropics

Globally, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) accounts for more than half the annual flux of carbon exported from terrestrial ecosystems via rivers. Here, we assess the relative influences of biogeochemical and hydrological processes on DIC fluxes exported from a tropical river catchment characterized by distinct land cover, climate and geology transition from the wet tropical mountains to the low‐lying savanna plains. Processes controlling changes in river DIC were investigated using dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and DIC concentrations and stable isotope ratios of DIC (δ¹³C_DIC) at two time scales: seasonal and diel. The recently developed Isotopic Continuous Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyser was used to measure diel DIC concentration and δ¹³C_DIC changes at a 15‐min temporal resolution. Results highlight the predominance of biologically mediated processes (photosynthesis and respiration) controlling diel changes in DIC. These resulted in DIC concentrations varying between 3.55 and 3.82 mg/l and δ¹³C_DIC values ranging from ?19.7 ± 0.31‰ to ?17.1 ± 0.08‰. In contrast, at the seasonal scale, we observed wet season DIC variations predominantly from mixing processes and dry season DIC variations due to both mixing processes and biological processes. The observed wet season increases in DIC concentrations (by 6.81 mg/l) and δ¹³C_DIC values of river water (by 5.4‰) largely result from proportional increases in subsurface inflows from the savanna plains (C₄ vegetation) region relative to inflows from the rainforest (C₃ vegetation) highlands. The high DIC river load during the wet season resulted in the transfer of 97% of the annual river carbon load. Therefore, in this gaining river, there are significant seasonal variations in both the hydrological and carbon cycles, and there is evidence of substantial coupling between the carbon cycles of the terrestrial and the fluvial environments. Recent identification of a substantial carbon sink in the savannas of northern Australia during wetter years in the recent past does not take into account the possibility of a substantial, rapid, lateral flux of carbon to rivers and back to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原子荧光光谱法用于水系沉积物中迁移毒性态汞的形态分析

水系沉积物中汞可分为三种形态，即迁移毒性态、亚迁移态和惰性态。建立了用原子荧光光谱法测定迁移态毒性汞中无机汞和有机汞的分析方法，并将该方法应用于武汉市涨渡湖沉积物中汞形态分析。方法检出限为0．004μg/L，精密度（RSD，n=11）为4．2％，回收率为92．2％～105．4％。     

艾比湖二千余年来环境演变的地球化学记录

通过对新疆艾比湖Ash孔二千余年以来沉积的总有机碳含量及其碳同位素、碳酸盐含量及Mg／Ca比值等环境指标综合分析,数据显示：约在公元前500-400年,艾比湖水体面积较小,对应的气候偏干。约公元前400～公元1400年,水体面积较大,处于高水位时期,气候较为湿润,但此时期内的气候也有小幅的冷暖和干湿变化。其中在公元800-1300年期间艾比湖沉积记录显示水生生物对沉积有机质的贡献达到最大,而陆源有机质输入不明显,表明此时湖水水位可能达到二千余年来的最高,这一时段基本对应于中世纪暖期。从碳酸盐含量及Mg/Ca比值指标来看,该地区中世纪暖期可能有一个干湿的波动。公元1400年以来,艾比湖水位下降,其中在15世纪中和19世纪初是两次较为干燥的时期,与其他地区的小冰期气候相对应。     

海洋大气气溶胶的离子色谱分析

对分析方法如采样滤膜的均匀性，滤膜上阴，阳离子的萑萃取率，方法的精密度和检出限等进行了基础性研究，并采用该方法测定了厦门海域大气中的Ｃｌ＾－，Ｆ＾－，ＳＯ＾２－４，ＮＯ＾－３，ＮＨ＾＋４和Ｎａ＾＋。本文法有较高的灵敏度，重现性好，可同时测定多种无机离子，适用于海洋大气气溶胶分析。     

Effects of bedrock groundwater discharge on spatial variability of dissolved carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorous concentrations in stream water within a forest headwater catchment

The quantitative evaluation of the effects of bedrock groundwater discharge on spatial variability of stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP) concentrations has still been insufficient. We examined the relationships between stream DOC, DIN and DIP concentrations and bedrock groundwater contribution to stream water in forest headwater catchments in warm-humid climate zones. We sampled stream water and bedrock springs at multiple points in September and December 2013 in a 5 km² forest headwater catchment in Japan and sampled groundwater in soil layer in small hillslopes. We assumed that stream water consisted of four end members, groundwater in soil layer and three types of bedrock groundwater, and calculated the contributions of each end member to stream water from mineral-derived solute concentrations. DOC, DIN and DIP concentrations in stream water were compared with the calculated bedrock groundwater contribution. The bedrock groundwater contribution had significant negative linear correlation with stream DOC concentration, no significant correlation with stream DIN concentration, and significant positive linear correlation with stream DIP concentration. These results highlighted the importance of bedrock groundwater discharge in establishing stream DOC and DIP concentrations. In addition, stream DOC and DIP concentrations were higher and lower, respectively, than those expected from end member mixing of groundwater in soil layer and bedrock springs. Spatial heterogeneity of DOC and DIP concentrations in groundwater and/or in-stream DOC production and DIP uptake were the probable reasons for these discrepancies. Our results indicate that the relationships between spatial variability of stream DOC, DIN and DIP concentrations and bedrock groundwater contribution are useful for comparing the processes that affect stream DOC, DIN and DIP concentrations among catchments beyond the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological and biogeochemical processes within a catchment.