Advancements and best practices for analysis and correlation of tephra and cryptotephra in ice

Geochemical analysis of fine grained (<20 μm) tephra found in ice cores is inherently difficult, due to the typically low number and small size of available particles. Ice core tephra samples require specialized sample preparation techniques to maximize the amount of information that can be gained from these logistically limited samples that may provide important chronology to an ice record, as well as linking glacial, marine and terrestrial sediments. We have developed a flexible workflow for preparation of tephra and cryptotephra samples to allow accurate and robust geochemical fingerprinting, which is fundamental to tephrochronology. The samples can be prepared so that secondary electron imagery can be obtained for morphological characterization of the samples to ensure that the sample is tephra-bearing and then the sample can be further prepared for quantitative electron microprobe analysis using wavelength dispersive techniques (EMP-WDS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Some samples may be too small for typical instrumentation conditions to be used (i.e. 20 μm beam on the EMP) to analyze for geochemistry and we present other techniques that can be employed to obtain accurate, although less precise, geochemistry. Methods include analyzing unpolished tephra shards less than 5 μm in diameter with a 1 μm beam on an SEM; using the “broad beam overlap” EMP method on irregular particles less than 20 μm in diameter, and analyzing microlitic shards as well as aphyric shards using EMP to increase the number of analyzed shards in low abundance tephra layers. The methods presented are flexible enough to be employed in other geological environments (terrestrial, marine and glacial) which will help maximize and integrate multiple environments into the overall tephra framework.     

水深测量数据采集的抗干扰技术

在水深测量数据采集中,由于外部环境的影响和数据采集系统自身的限制,使得采集水深测量数据时存在多种干扰和噪声,从而降低了数据的可靠性和准确性。针对实际作业情况,文中对常见的干扰进行了分析,对抑制与削弱干扰的措施进行了一定的研究．给出了可用于水深数据采集的多种抗干扰技术。     

长江口滨岸潮滩柱样沉积物与孔隙水中氮的垂直分布特征

对长江口滨岸潮滩柱样沉积物及孔隙水中NH4^ -N、NO3^--N和NO2^--N的剖面进行了分析。结果表明,沉积物和孔隙水中NH4^ -N,NO3^--N和NO2^--N剖面分布基本一致,其中NH4^ -N含量最高,这说明有机质的降解反应主要是在缺氧或无氧环境中进行的;沉积物中有机质含量与NH4^ -N含量线性相关;NO3^--N和NO2^--N在剖面中以0～20cm变化剧烈,说明表层和深层有机质的降解程度发生改变。     

川藏铁路3000 m水平定向钻井技术方案

川藏铁路设计多条超长深埋隧道,且多处于高海拔、高陡斜坡及雪线以上的无人山区,地形险峻,起伏大,交通条件差。沿隧道轴线的水平定向钻井为隧道勘察提供了一种有效的勘察手段。结合工程及地层特点,从钻井设备、工艺等方面,为超长隧道勘察提供了一种3000 m级水平定向钻井技术方案。方案明确了井身结构、全面钻进和长钻程取心钻进工艺、钻井液措施及部分复杂情况应对措施。以较少的钻探工作量,为隧道勘察提供更加详细的实物地质资料,真实反映隧道内的地质情况。     

极端条件下心墙泥浆料的渗透反滤试验研究

高土石心墙坝的渗透稳定性在很大程度上依赖于反滤层对心墙料的反滤保护作用。心墙在大坝蓄水和长期运行的条件下,要经历复杂的填筑加载、浸水饱和与水荷载的作用,在差异沉降、复杂结构应力作用、水力劈裂和渗透水流作用下,心墙一旦出现裂缝,其渗透稳定性及反滤层的保护作用就将面临严峻的考验。针对这一问题,设计了专门非常规的抛填土料反滤试验和泥浆渗透反滤试验,模拟心墙裂缝条件下其颗粒被冲刷起动后,被反滤料阻挡和淤积过程。试验结果表明,心墙料和反滤料满足反滤准则条件下,心墙颗粒被拦截和淤积在反滤层上游表面,反滤料能有效防止心墙颗粒的流失,反滤层在极端条件下对心墙料仍能起到有效的反滤保护作用。     

黄陵断穹核部鳞片石墨矿地球化学特征与成因研究

黄陵断穹核部石墨矿是我国鳞片(晶质)石墨矿的主要产区,对该区石墨矿的研究具有重要理论和实际意义。该区已有石墨矿研究成果多侧重于矿床地质方面,对矿床成因分析缺乏地球化学支撑。为此,本文从地球化学层面查明石墨矿原岩类型,碳质富集岩相、变质作用和晶质石墨的形成,为矿床成因和成矿作用提供地球化学依据。通过系统采集区内主要石墨矿样品,进行主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和同位素分析,根据矿床地球化学原理和分析方法,阐明石墨矿的物质来源,成矿元素集散行为和矿床形成机制。根据主量元素含量和组合,推断石墨的原岩为碳质粉砂质泥岩。微量元素的双重性指示石墨矿的物质有两个来源:中太古代野马洞岩组和中太古代东冲河片麻杂岩。独特的稀土元素配分型式说明物源转化为原岩时存在着强烈的地球化学反应。石墨矿的碳同位素组成支持碳质来自有机物的观点。     

Replicability and variability of the recent macrofossil and proxy-climate record from raised bogs: field stratigraphy and macrofossil data from Bolton Fell Moss and Walton Moss,Cumbria, England

Replication of results is a basic tenet of science, but in palaeoecology this is very time-consuming and the ‘signal’ is subject to ‘noise’. The derivation of proxy-climate signals from ombrotrophic peat was carried out originally using samples from open peat faces where the stratigraphic relationships could be easily observed. Now that such sections are rare and often degraded there is a need to demonstrate that data can be replicated from core profiles. Ten short cores taken from two adjacent bogs have been analysed for macrofossils and show a coherent series of changes, which are also similar to previous profiles from the same sites. It is concluded that variation between profiles is slight and less than observations of present vegetation mosaics might suggest. Recommendations for a standard approach to fieldwork on raised bogs that emphasises the utility of subfossil pool layers are proposed and the need for a secure chronology is stressed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

季冻土区临水内、外拱护墙结构冻胀特征分析及治理

为厘清季冻土区临水内、外拱护墙结构冻胀平位移冻害机理,测试隔离层防冻害装置的有效性,在20101110-20110531、20131110-20140531、20171110-20180531三个观测年内,以长春某湖泊临水内、外拱护墙结构为研究对象,选择内、外拱护墙结构和设隔离层防冻害装置的试验内拱护墙结构三者相对比,用钢尺量距法观测三者寒期的平位移状态。结果表明：内拱护墙结构出现倾斜、裂缝导致的内向冻胀平位移冻害,其内向平位移曲线随气温均呈"半驼峰型",对应观测年持续降温-持续低温-持续升温-正温时段,内向冻胀平位移呈减小-增大-减小-稳定残余的位移运动,诱因是平冻胀应力的生成-增长-减弱-消失作用;外拱护墙结构出现较小的外向冻胀平位移,外向冻胀平位移曲线均呈"波浪型",无冻害发生,冰凸拱平冻胀应力推动外拱护墙结构压缩冻土凹拱形成外向冻胀平位移,冻土凹拱限制了外向冻胀平位移发展;设隔离层防冻害装置的试验内拱护墙结构未发生平位移冻害,其内向冻胀平位移较自然冻胀的内拱护墙结构减小83.92%,较外拱护墙结构减小51.74%,表明隔离层防冻害装置防治冻胀平位移冻害有效。     

川西高原地区岩石中硒的地球化学特征和影响因素

川西高原土壤、水体等多种介质研究表明,该地区的硒含量偏低,天然土壤剖面硒为0.06～0.16μg/g,表层土壤中硒含量为0.075～0.204μg/g,沉积物中硒含量为0.069～0.310μg/g,地表水中硒含量为nd～0.096μg/L,地下水中硒含量为nd～0.058μg/L,均低于我国相应环境介质中硒的平均含量,影响到当地人体健康。本文采集川西高原地区80件岩石样品,同时采集6套岩心样品,这些样品主要以板岩、砂岩、灰岩和页岩为主。采用原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定硒含量,研究川西高原阿坝地区岩石与岩心样品中硒的地球化学特征和低硒的影响因素。结果表明:岩石硒含量范围为0.030～0.282μg/g,平均值0.09μg/g,低于硒土壤背景值。不同类型岩石中的硒含量大小为:页岩灰岩板岩砂岩。岩石中硒含量在不同地区也表现出较大的差异:松潘阿坝壤塘马尔康九寨沟若尔盖红原,可能是受到岩石类型及有机质和地质环境的影响所致。岩心各剖面的硒含量最小值为0.02～0.07μg/g,最大值为0.21～0.34μg/g,平均值为0.06～0.17μg/g,各钻孔的硒含量明显低于硒的地壳丰度。本研究认为,硒的分布受地质环境、有机质、岩石致密性等条件限制,低硒的地质环境是导致岩石中的硒含量较低的最主要因素。     

辽南庄河地区栗子房变质核杂岩的发现及意义

在区域地质调查资料基础上,根据宏观与微观构造测量,通过分析区域岩浆活动性及其测年资料等,揭示了在辽南庄河栗子房地区存在另一个变质核杂岩构造,即栗子房变质核杂岩。该核杂岩具有3层结构和5个部分,即由新太古代变质深成岩及中生代花岗岩侵入体构成的下盘、由不同层次的构造岩组成的中部拆离断层带以及由前寒武纪沉积盖层和白垩纪伸展盆地构成的上盘。栗子房变质核杂岩形成于早白垩世,运动方向为上盘相对下盘由NWW向SEE方向运动,与辽南金州变质核杂岩和万福变质核杂岩在几何学、运动学极性和形成时间等方面具有很多相似性,形成于同一动力学背景。该变质核杂岩的厘定可为阐明华北克拉通东部晚中生代岩石圈减薄过程及岩石圈的力学和流变学属性提供依据。同时,变质核杂岩与金矿床成矿关系密切,栗子房变质核杂岩的拆离断层带附近可作为下一步金矿勘查的重点工作区,成矿潜力较大。