SCATTERING PHASE MATRICES OF ICE CRYSTALS WITH HEXAGONAL PRISM AND TRIANGULAR PYRAMID FORM—A VECTOR RAY TRACING METHOD

The work presented previously by the authors(Cai and Liou,1982)has been extended in this paper.By making use of our improved model the calculations on scattering phase matrices of hexagonal prismice crystals(HPIC)have been conducted for monodisperse and polydisperse systems.Compared with themodel of Cai and Liou,the required computational quantity is decreased by about two orders of magni-tude and the errors of results are less for the new model.Meanwhile,the scattering phase matrices of triangularpyramid ice crystals(TPIC)are also computed in the paper,and the comparison between the scatterings of thetwo forms of ice crystals is performed.     

岩石内应力的X射线-中子散射测量方法

岩石内应力的储存和释放对深地资源和能源开发具有重要约束。矿物晶格间距的动态变化是揭示岩石内应力演化的重要指示。X射线衍射法是当前获取矿物晶体结构的主要手段,可以准确测定矿物的特征衍射峰。但是,对于具有复杂结构和矿物组成的岩石,X射线在穿透过程中携带的统计信息,难以反映矿物晶格间距的细节特征。中子射线的能量高、穿透深度大,且与原子核反应,因而能更准确地刻画矿物元素位置和结构细节,但中子的波长较长、校准困难,结果具有不确定性,导致中子射线在岩石内应力研究中未能发挥应有作用。在分析X射线、中子技术优势和固有局限的基础上,提出了岩石内应力的X射线-中子衍射测量方法,重点剖析了该方法的基本原理,提出了该方法的关键技术与研究前景。得出了如下结论:利用X射线在确定岩石矿物晶格参数的优势,结合加热处理等技术,可实现岩石矿物无应力条件下晶格间距的标定; 采用中子衍射技术可精确测量岩石矿物的衍射偏移峰,实现岩石内应力深度轮廓的精准刻画; 结合X射线与中子的优势,可实现岩石内应力绝对值的精确测量。提出的技术手段有利于揭示岩石内应力的微观储存和释放过程,以及长期存留的物质条件和物理力学机制,并有望为岩石矿物组成和微观结构研究提供一种新的技术方案。     

大兴安岭地区古生代构造格架重建:来自俯冲增生杂岩研究进展

大兴安岭地区古生代处于古亚洲洋闭合阶段,其间发育众多的弧盆系和蛇绿岩带,笔者等在大兴安岭地区1: 1 000 000地质编图和野外地质调研基础上,应用“洋板块地质”学术思想在大兴安岭地区元古宙、古生代地质体中划分出一系列“俯冲增生杂岩”、地块基底残块、岛弧、弧前盆地、弧后盆地等构造单元,结合陆(地)块和岩浆弧、弧前盆地、弧后盆地和“俯冲增生杂岩”的时空展布,划分出9条俯冲增生杂岩带,其中新识别出3条俯冲增生杂岩带。俯冲增生杂岩带主要分布于兴蒙造山带内部各地块之间和地块与大型岛弧带之间,相当于地块间及地块与岛弧带间的缝合带。依据俯冲增生杂岩带两侧对应的陆(地)块、岛弧带等构造级别,归并出5条结合带。俯冲增生杂岩带的展布方向以北东向为主,时代自北向南依次变新,从早奥陶世演化到中—晚二叠世,暗示古亚洲洋洋盆向大兴安岭地区陆(地)块俯冲作用最早发生在北部额尔古纳一带,逐渐向南后撤,不断形成新的洋壳和产生俯冲增生作用,相应的活动陆缘从北部额尔古纳地块向南逐渐增生,配套弧盆系时代也逐渐向南变新。早—中三叠世至西拉木伦一带发生陆-陆拼贴,完成华北板块与西伯利亚板块的对接。通过对大兴安岭地区古生代“俯冲增生杂岩”的研究,重建了大兴安岭地区古生代构造格架,提高了古亚洲洋东段洋-陆转换的研究程度。     

云南滇西地区早古生代增生杂岩的厘定及其洋壳俯冲消减作用——基于1∶5万文东幅地质调查的新认识

【研究目的】 澜沧岩群一直存在较大争议,查明澜沧岩群的物质组成、构造属性、时代及变质变形特征具有重要的意义,为进一步重建特提斯的时空格架提供重要的基础资料。【研究方法】 在1∶5万详细野外调查的基础上,系统开展LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学等综合研究。【研究结果】 查明了澜沧岩群的物质组成及变质变形特征,具有基质+块体的构造混杂岩特征,经历了3期变质变形,整体表现为逆冲推覆-增生造山的构造变形样式。通过碎屑锆石、变酸性岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结合已有的研究资料,厘定其形成时代为早古生代。澜沧岩群中高压变质岩的原岩具有岩浆弧、OIB和E-MORB的特征,说明澜沧岩群经历了深俯冲、增生造山作用过程。【结论】 结合区域已有的研究资料及本文研究成果,认为澜沧岩群不是基底岩系,而是昌宁—孟连原-古特提斯洋俯冲消减形成的早古生代增生杂岩。     

南天山西段巴雷公花岗岩体的地质年代学及锆石Hf同位素特征——岩石成因及对构造演化的约束

位于中国南天山增生造山带西段的巴雷公岩体的岩石类型为黑云母二长花岗岩。岩体中2件样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为291±3 Ma和283±3 Ma。该岩体具有较高的SiO2(65.88%~72.99%)、K2O(4.23%~6.86%)和全碱含量(K2O+Na2O=7.45%~9.96%),呈现明显的Ba、Nb-Ta、Sr、P和Ti的负异常,以及轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素的轻-中度富集和明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.27~0.60)。上述这些特征与A型花岗岩一致。其锆石的εHf(t)值为-4.3~+1.7,二阶段Hf模式年龄为1.20~1.58 Ga。锆石Hf同位素和全岩地球化学特征暗示岩体起源于高温、低压条件下的下地壳中元古代角闪岩相变质基性火成岩的部分熔融。巴雷公岩体的围岩属于代表了南天山洋残迹的蛇绿混杂岩的一部分。巴雷公岩体无变形,侵入至蛇绿混杂岩单元中,具有"钉合岩体"的特点,从而为进一步限定洋盆闭合于二叠纪之前提供了证据。南天山增生造山带二叠纪岩体的Hf同位素均显示古老物源,揭示该增生造山带深部均为古老物质,是塔里木古老基底物质大量卷入的反映。     

常州润华环球中心深基坑支护效果分析

常州润华环球中心基坑工程一区开挖深度达18 m,采用钻孔灌注排桩和内支撑作为支护结构。基坑施工过程中对基坑顶部的沉降位移和水平位移进行了监测。基坑工程施工结束后基坑顶部的沉降位移和水平位移达到稳定值（分别为25 mm和40 mm）,整体支护效果显著。但在基坑第三次开挖结束后第二道支撑构筑完成之前,基坑顶部的沉降位移和水平位移速率突然增大,直至第二道支撑构筑完成后增速才缓慢降低。提高第二道支撑的标高有利于降低基坑的变形,提高支护效果。     

赤泥库大坝渗漏分析及灌浆处理技术

由于施工质量问题,洛阳一个赤泥库大坝在试运行中发生大面积渗漏及管涌。在对渗漏原因进行分析的基础上实施的在坝内坡增设土工膜、坝轴线上游增设帷幕灌浆防渗墙、坝体下游坡面增设排渗沟和排水棱体等抢险加固措施,有效地解决了坝体渗漏问题。在灌浆处理过程中,针对筑坝材料的复杂性和不均匀性,通过施工前的灌浆试验,取得了适合本场地条件的钻孔施工工艺参数及灌浆方式、灌浆压力、灌浆段确定、水灰比比级等施工技术参数,确保了灌浆处理的效果。     

高山地区地形对重力测量的影响分析

针对高山地区地形改正研究的不足,文章以青藏高原为实例,利用快速傅里叶变换详细讨论了高山地区地形改正中质量柱模型与质量线模型对重力测量的影响。研究结果表明:青藏高原地区,地形对重力测量的影响达到毫伽量级;采用快速傅里叶变换计算地形改正时,其最佳计算阶数应为二阶;高山地区,采用质量柱模型与质量线模型进行地形改正的差异为0.1mGal量级。     

New interpretation of the Franciscan mélange at San Simeon coast,California: tectonic intrusion into an accretionary prism

Many concepts and interpretations on the formation of the Franciscan mélange have been proposed on the basis of exposures at San Simeon, California. In this paper, we show the distribution of chaotic rocks, their internal structures and textures, and the interrelationship between the chaotic rocks and the surrounding sandstones (turbidites). Mélange components, particularly blueschists, oceanic rocks, including greenstone, pillow lava, bedded chert, limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate, have all been brecciated by retrograde deformation. The Cambria Slab, long interpreted as a trench slope basin, is also strongly deformed by fluidization, brecciation, isoclinal folding, and thrusting, leading us to a new interpretation that turbiditic rocks (including the Cambria Slab) represent trench deposits rather than slope basin sediments. These rocks form an accretionary prism above mélanges that were diapirically emplaced into these rocks first along sinistral-thrust faults, and then along dextral-normal faults. Riedel shear systems are observed in several orders of scale in both stages. Although the exhumation of the blueschist blocks is still controversial, the common extensional fractures and brecciation in most of the blocks in the mélanges and further mixture of various lithologies into one block with mélange muddy matrix indicate that once deeply buried blocks were exhumed from considerable depths to the accretionary prism body, before being diapirically intruded with their host mélange along thrust and normal faults, during which retrograde deformation occurred together with retrograde metamorphism. Recent similar examples of high-pressure rock exhumation have been documented along the Sofugan Tectonic Line in the Izu forearc areas, in the Mineoka belt in the Boso Peninsula, and as part of accretionary prism development in the Nankai and Sagami troughs of Japan. These modern analogues provide actively forming examples of the lithological and deformational features that characterize the Franciscan mélange processes.     

Continental growth and reworking on the edge of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents; 1.86–0.9 Ga accretionary orogeny in southwest Fennoscandia

Geological history from the late Palaeoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic is dominated by the formation of the supercontinent Columbia, and its break-up and re-amalgamation into the next supercontinent, Rodinia. On a global scale, major orogenic events have been tied to the formation of either of these supercontinents, and records of extension are commonly linked to break-up events. Presented here is a synopsis of the geological evolution of southwest Fennoscandia during the ca. 1.9–0.9 Ga period. This region records a protracted history of continental growth and reworking in a long-lived accretionary orogen. Three major periods of continental growth are defined by the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (1.86–1.66 Ga), Gothian (1.66–1.52 Ga), and Telemarkian (1.52–1.48 Ga) domains. The 1.47–1.38 Ga Hallandian–Danopolonian period featured reorganization of the subduction zone and over-riding plates, with limited evidence for continental collision. During the subsequent 1.38–1.15 Ga interval, the region is interpreted as being located inboard of a convergent margin that is not preserved today and hosted magmatism and sedimentation related to inboard extensional events. The 1.15–0.9 Ga period is host to Sveconorwegian orogenesis that marks the end of this long-lived accretionary orogen and features significant crustal deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism. Collision of an indenter, typically Amazonia, is commonly inferred for the cause of widespread Sveconorwegian orogenesis, but this remains inconclusive. An alternative is that orogenesis merely represents subduction, terrane accretion, crustal thickening, and burial and exhumation of continental crust, along an accretionary margin. During the Mesoproterozoic, southwest Fennoscandia was part of a much larger accretionary orogen that grew on the edge of the Columbia supercontinent and included Laurentia and Amazonia amongst other cratons. The chain of convergent margins along the western Pacific is the best analogue for this setting of Proterozoic crustal growth and tectonism.