Sediment-starved sand ridges on a mixed carbonate/siliciclastic inner shelf off west-central Florida

High-resolution side-scan mosaics, sediment analyses, and physical process data have revealed that the mixed carbonate/siliciclastic, inner shelf of west-central Florida supports a highly complex field of active sand ridges mantled by a hierarchy of bedforms. The sand ridges, mostly oriented obliquely to the shoreline trend, extend from 2 km to over 25 km offshore. They show many similarities to their well-known counterparts situated along the US Atlantic margin in that both increase in relief with increasing water depth, both are oriented obliquely to the coast, and both respond to modern shelf dynamics. There are significant differences in that the sand ridges on the west-central Florida shelf are smaller in all dimensions, have a relatively high carbonate content, and are separated by exposed rock surfaces. They are also shoreface-detached and are sediment-starved, thus stunting their development. Morphological details are highly distinctive and apparent in side-scan imagery due to the high acoustic contrast. The seafloor is active and not a relict system as indicated by: (1) relatively young AMS ¹⁴C dates (<1600 yr BP) from forams in the shallow subsurface (1.6 meters below seafloor), (2) apparent shifts in sharply distinctive grayscale boundaries seen in time-series side-scan mosaics, (3) maintenance of these sharp acoustic boundaries and development of small bedforms in an area of constant and extensive bioturbation, (4) sediment textural asymmetry indicative of selective transport across bedform topography, (5) morphological asymmetry of sand ridges and 2D dunes, and (6) current-meter data indicating that the critical threshold velocity for sediment transport is frequently exceeded. Although larger sand ridges are found along other portions of the west-central Florida inner shelf, these smaller sand ridges are best developed seaward of a major coastal headland, suggesting some genetic relationship. The headland may focus and accelerate the N–S reversing currents. An elevated rock terrace extending from the headland supports these ridges in a shallower water environment than the surrounding shelf, allowing them to be more easily influenced by currents and surface gravity waves. Tidal currents, storm-generated flows, and seasonally developed flows are shore-parallel and oriented obliquely to the NW–SE trending ridges, indicating that they have developed as described by the Huthnance model. Although inner shelf sand ridges have been extensively examined elsewhere, this study is the first to describe them in a low-energy, sediment-starved, dominantly mixed siliciclastic/carbonate sedimentary environment situated on a former limestone platform.     

Uncertainty analysis of space–time prisms based on the moment-design method

Space–time prism (STP) is an important concept for the modeling of object movements in space and time. An STP can be conceptualized as the result of the potential path of a moving object revolving around in the three-dimensional space. Though the concept has found applications in time geography, research on the analysis and propagation of uncertainty in STPs, particularly under high degree of nonlinearity, is scanty. Based on the efficiency and effectiveness of the moment-design (M-D) method, this paper proposes an approach to deal with nonlinear error propagation problems in the potential path areas (PPAs) of STPs and their intersections. Propagation of errors to the PPA and its boundary, and to the intersection of two PPAs is investigated. Performance of the proposed method is evaluated via a series of experimental studies. In comparison with the Monte Carlo method and the implicit function method, simulation results show the advantages of the M-D method in the analysis of error propagation in STPs.     

Modeling uncertainty of moving objects on road networks via space–time prisms

Moving objects produce trajectories, which are typically observed in a finite sample of time‐stamped locations. Between sample points, we are uncertain about the moving objects's location. When we assume extra information about an object, for instance, a (possibly location‐dependent) speed limit, we can use space–time prisms to model the uncertainty of an object's location.

Until now, space–time prisms have been studied for unconstrained movement in the 2D plane. In this paper, we study space–time prisms for objects that are constrained to travel on a road network. Movement on a road network can be viewed as essentially one‐dimensional. We describe the geometry of a space–time prism on a road network and give an algorithm to compute and visualize space–time prisms. For experiments and illustration, we have implemented this algorithm in MATHEMATICA.

Furthermore, we study the alibi query, which asks whether two moving objects could have possibly met or not. This comes down to deciding if the chains of space–time prisms produced by these moving objects intersect. We give an efficient algorithm to answer the alibi query for moving objects on a road network. This algorithm also determines where and when two moving objects may have met.     

南海东北部陆坡与恒春海脊天然气水合物分布的地震反射对比

经过对"探宝号"调查船在2001年8月在南海东北部陆坡及台湾南部恒春海脊海域采集的多道地震剖面资料进行的地震反射波数据分析、研究和解释,结果表明:(1)南海东北部陆坡段区域和台湾南部恒春海脊海域地震剖面上均显示有被作为天然气水合物存在标志的BSR,但两区域构造成因、形式和相关地质环境的不同造成了此两处的天然气水合物成因及过程的不同.(2)南海东北部陆坡区域的水合物形成与该区广泛发育的断裂带、滑塌构造体及其所形成的压力场屏蔽环境有关,而台湾南部恒春海脊海域的天然气水合物的形成则与马尼拉海沟俯冲带相关的逆冲推覆构造、增生楔等及其所对应的海底流体疏导体系有关.(3)南海陆缘区域广泛发育有各种断裂带、滑塌构造体、泥底辟、俯冲带、增生楔等,且温压环境合适,是天然气水合物矿藏极有可能广泛分布的区域.     

冀中坳陷潜山油气输导体系及与油气藏类型的匹配关系

通过总结前人研究结果,利用测井、钻井地质和地化等资料,对冀中坳陷潜山油气藏类型和油气输导体系特征进行研究,并结合已发现的潜山油气藏,建立了不同油气输导体系与潜山油气藏类型的匹配关系。结果表明:根据不同的圈闭遮挡条件,可将冀中坳陷潜山油气藏分为潜山顶、潜山坡和潜山内幕油气藏等3种类型;潜山油气输导体系发育断裂、不整合、内幕溶蚀层和复合型输导体系等4种类型;受碳酸盐岩地层、断层活动性影响以及与油气生成时间的匹配,断裂型输导体系具有高效性和时效性的特征,有利于形成潜山顶和内幕油气藏;不整合型输导体系由不整合上部底砾岩和下部淋浴带组成,具有"双层"输导的特点,有利于形成潜山顶和潜山坡油气藏;内幕溶蚀层型输导体系由潜山内部的溶蚀孔-洞-缝系统组成,其发育程度受内部地层泥质含量控制,有利于形成潜山内幕油气藏;复合型输导体系由单一型输导体系复合形成,具有"多样式"的特点,可以形成潜山顶、潜山坡和潜山内幕油气藏。     

内蒙古额济纳旗珠斯楞海尔罕北矿段锌铅金银铜矿矿床地质特征及其找矿潜力分析

内蒙古额济纳旗珠斯楞海尔罕矿区锌、铅、金、银、铜矿赋存于二叠纪花岗闪长岩、花岗斑岩与围岩的内接触带之中,属于中-低温热液矿床。二叠纪花岗闪长岩为矿体的形成提供了热源和物源,北西向的断裂构造则为花岗斑岩的侵入和成矿热液提供了通道。在珠斯楞海尔罕矿区及其邻区,发现类似的二叠纪岩浆活动以及断裂构造。因此,该地区可能发育类似成因的锌、铅、金、银、铜矿,具有良好的成矿潜力。     

Geophysical evidence of mud diapirism on the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex

Mud volcanoes, mud cones, and mud ridges have been identified on the inner portion of the crestal area, and possibly on the inner escarpment, of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Four areas containing one or more mud diapirs have been investigated through bathymetric profiling, single channel seismic reflection profiling, heat flow measurements, and coring. A sequence of events is identified in the evolution of the mud diapirs: initially the expulsion on the seafloor of gasrich mud produces a seafloor depression outlined in the seismic record by downward dip of the host sediment reflectors towards the mud conduit; subsequent eruptions of fluid mud may create a flat topped mud volcano with step-like profile; finally, the intrusion of viscous mud produces a mud cone.The origin of the diapirs is deep within the Mediterranean Ridge. Although a minimum depth of about 400 m below the seafloor has been computed from the hydrostatic balance between the diapiric sediments and the host sediments, a maximum depth, suggested by geometric considerations, ranges between 5.3 and 7 km. The presence of thermogenic gas in the diapiric sediments suggests a better constrained origin depth of at least 2.2 km.The heat flow measured within the Olimpi mud diapir field and along a transect orthogonal to the diapiric field is low, ranging between 16 ± 5 and 41 ± 6 mW m^–2. Due to the presence of gas, the thermal conductivity of the diapiric sediments is lower than that of the host hemipelagic oozes (0.6–0.9 and 1.0–1.15 W m^–1 K^–1 respectively).We consider the distribution of mud diapirs to be controlled by the presence of tectonic features such as reverse faults or thrusts (inner escarpment) that develop where the thickness of the Late Miocene evaporites appears to be minimum. An upward migration through time of the position of the décollement within the stratigraphic column from the Upper Oligocene (diapiric sediments) to the Upper Miocene (present position) is identified.     

钦州湾内湾贝类养殖海区水环境特征及营养状况初探

根据 1 998年 1 0月和 1 999年 5月的调查资料 ,阐述了钦州湾内湾水环境特征及 N/P的变化 ,以 DIN、DIP、COD和 Chl- a为富营养化指标 ,用营养状态质量指数 (NQI )分析探讨了该湾的营养状态 ,并从富营养角度讨论了该湾的污染程度     

近50年来洞庭湖区的内湖变化

洞庭湖区除洞庭湖外,在圩垸内尚分布着为数众多的内湖,近50年来,由于人类活动的强烈作用,内湖与洞庭湖一样呈现出急剧萎缩的态势,1km2以上内湖的数量由20世纪50年代的255个减少到目前的122个,湖泊面积也由1534.4km2缩小至644.2km2,其衰亡的速度甚至超过了洞庭湖.分析洞庭湖区内湖急剧萎缩的原因,其主要表现为前期是围湖造田,后期为湖泊鱼塘化.