全极化合成孔径雷达近岸风场反演研究

Coastal winds are strongly influenced by topology and discontinuity between land and sea surfaces. Wind assessment from remote sensing in such a complex area remains a challenge. Space-borne scatterometer does not provide any information about the coastal wind field, as the coarse spatial resolution hampers the radar backscattering. Synthetic aperture radar （SAR） with a high spatial resolution and all-weather observation abilities has become one of the most important tools for ocean wind retrieval, especially in the coastal area. Conventional methods of wind field retrieval from SAR, however, require wind direction as initial information, such as the wind direction from numerical weather prediction models （NWP）, which may not match the time of SAR image acquiring. Fortunately, the polarimetric observations of SAR enable independent wind retrieval from SAR images alone. In order to accurately measure coastal wind fields, this paper proposes a new method of using co-polarization backscattering coefficients from polarimetric SAR observations up to polarimetric correlation backscattering coefficients, which are acquired from the conjugate product of co-polarization backscatter and cross-polarization backscatter. Co-polarization backscattering coefficients and polarimetric correlation backscattering coefficients are obtained form Radarsat-2 single-look complex （SLC） data.The maximum likelihood estimation is used to gain the initial results followed by the coarse spatial filtering and fine spatial filtering. Wind direction accuracy of the final inversion results is 10.67 with a wind speed accuracy of 0.32 m/s. Unlike previous methods, the methods described in this article utilize the SAR data itself to obtain the wind vectors and do not need external wind directional information. High spatial resolution and high accuracy are the most important features of the method described herein since the use of full polarimetric observations contains more information about the space measured.This article is a useful addition to the work of independent SAR wind retrieval. The experimental results herein show that it is feasible to employ the co-polarimetric backscattering coefficients and the polarimetric correlation backscattering coefficients for coastal wind field retrieval.     

丘陵油田三间房组注水开发效果影响因素分析

利用岩石铸体薄片、压汞和物性分析资料等,对丘陵油田三间房组储层岩石学特征、沉积特征、微观孔隙结构以及成岩相进行了深入研究。在此基础上,从多角度出发分析了影响丘陵油田三间房组储层注水开发效果的因素。研究表明:1)不同沉积微相储层注水开发效果存在较大差异;2)油藏注水开发效果在一定程度上受区域局部构造的控制;3)孔隙结构越复杂,孔径越小,注水开发效果越差;4)不同成岩相组合控制了储层发育特征和储集物性,其注水开发效果不同。因此,丘陵油田三间房组储层注水开发效果是主力微相、微构造、微观非均质性、成岩相等多因素共同作用的结果。     

New experimental determination of Li and B partition coefficients during upper mantle partial melting

Despite the growing interest for Li and B as geochemical tracers, especially for material transfer from subducting slabs to overlying peridotites, little is known about the behaviour of these two elements during partial melting of mantle sources. In particular, mineral/melt partition coefficients for B and to a lesser extent Li are still a matter of debate. In this work, we re-equilibrated a synthetic basalt doped with ~10 ppm B and ~6 ppm Li with an olivine powder from a spinel lherzolite xenolith at 1 GPa–1,330°C, and we analyzed Li and B in the run products by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In our experiment, B behaved as a highly incompatible element with mineral/melt partition coefficients of the order of 10⁻² (D ^ol/melt = 0.008 (0.004–0.013); D ^opx/melt = 0.024 (0.015–0.033); D ^cpx/melt = 0.041 (0.021–0.061)), and Li as a moderately incompatible element (D ^ol/melt = 0.427 (0.418–0.436); D ^opx/melt = 0.211 (0.167–0.256); D ^cpx/melt = 0.246 (0.229–0.264)). Our partition coefficients for Li are in good agreement with previous determinations. In the case of B, our partition coefficients are equal within error to those reported by Brenan et al. (1998) for all the mineral phases analyzed, but are lower than other coefficients from literature for some of the phases (up to 5 times for cpx). Our measurements complement the data set of Ds for modelling partial melting of the upper mantle and basalt generation, and confirm that, in this context, B is more incompatible than previously anticipated.     

温度影响溴和铷分配的热力学分析及在钾盐矿床中的应用

在海相蒸发岩矿床的地质-地球化学研究中,常应用盐类矿物中的微量元素来研究钾盐矿床的成因和成矿指示标志,Br、Rb就是其中很重要的2种微量元素。缺硫酸镁型钾盐矿床在成盐过程中会蒸发沉积形成氯化物型的盐类物质, Br、Rb按一定的规律分配到这些盐类物质中而不形成独立矿物。在盐类物质蒸发结晶过程中,Br、Rb在固_液相之间的分配主要受温度控制。文章通过Br和Rb的地球化学特征及微量元素分配的热力学分析,建立了Br、Rb在盐类矿物相中的分配系数与温度间的热力学函数模型:,并探讨了利用这些公式来计算出钾盐矿床结晶作用形成盐类物质时的古温度,这对研究钾盐矿床形成时的古环境、物质基础条件、物理化学条件等具有重要意义。     

影响罗兰C系统定位定时精度因素的实测分析

以罗兰C覆盖范围内典型区域实测得到的数据为基础,结合罗兰C定位、定时工作原理,通过理论分析和统计计算,量化了相同条件下同一点GPS与罗兰C接收设备、不同种类罗兰C接收设备之间的定时定位差异,剖析归纳出制约罗兰C定时精度提高的主要因素,并提出了解决问题的意见、建议,为有效提升我国罗兰C系统的定时定位精度提供参考与支撑。     

采动及渗流作用下隔水土层破坏规律研究

为了研究土层隔水层在采动及渗流作用下的破坏规律,采用了固-液耦合相似材料模拟试验研究和土层破坏理论分析。试验表明,在采用的长壁间隔式开采中,浅埋煤层中的组合关键层破断后进入裂隙带,隔水土层协调运动进入弯曲下沉带。该开采方法改变了岩层的运动破坏规律,抑制了采动裂隙在隔水土层中的发展,避免了导水裂隙与含水层贯通,达到了保护土层的采动隔水性目的。土层变形、破坏理论分析表明,组合关键层的破断距亦即对应土层的跨距,在弯曲下沉过程中没达到变形破坏极限跨距,不会产生导水裂隙,满足保持隔水性能的判据。现场开采实践证明,试验工作面开采后未出现潜水渗漏。该方法并已成功实现多个工作面的保水开采。     

吉林延边地区土壤稀土元素的活化特征及其影响因素

采用ICP--MS 方法对吉林延边地区土壤中的15 项稀土元素的全量和有效量进行分析,并研究了该地区土壤稀土元素的活化特征及土壤元素全量和土壤pH 值对稀土元素活化的影响。结果表明: 延边地区稀土元素总有效态含量的分布范围为18. 52 ～ 118. 02 mg /kg,平均含量为56. 75 mg /kg,稀土有效量空间分布存在明显差异; 土壤稀土元素的活化系数为0. 23 ～ 0. 46,环境因素对稀土元素的活化有着重要的影响; 稀土元素全量与有效量之间皆呈显著正相关,相关系数为0. 480 ～ 0. 779,土壤中稀土元素有效含量受全量控制; 部分土壤稀土元素的活化系数与土壤pH 值呈显著正相关。     

俄罗斯城镇化发展水平测度及空间分异

在“一带一路”倡议背景下,深入开展俄罗斯城镇化研究具有突出意义。在明晰俄罗斯城市空间分布特征的基础上,构建城镇化评价指标体系,研究俄罗斯83个联邦主体2005—2016年人口、经济、社会城镇化发展水平、空间格局及其影响因素。结果表明：俄罗斯初步形成了两核、多极、一横、四纵、多团的城市空间格局。2005—2016年,俄罗斯人口与社会城镇化增幅不大,经济城镇化发展显著,多数联邦主体的人口、经济、社会城镇化发展低于平均水平;空间上,城镇化高值区除集中在莫斯科与圣彼得堡外,还分布在达吉斯坦-伊尔库茨克等联邦主体的带状区域,低值区分布在远东区最东北端、西伯利亚区最南端、西北区最北端,核心高-边缘低、中部高-南北低、西部高-东部低的空间分异特征显著。俄罗斯城镇化受到历史形成与发展、地理基础与自然资源、政策与制度、工业化发展、国际市场和周边国家等因素的影响。     

Wavelet‐based non‐stationary response analysis of a friction base‐isolated structure

A wavelet‐based stochastic formulation has been presented in this paper for the seismic analysis of a base‐isolated structural system which is modelled as a two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2‐DOF) system. The ground motion has been modelled as a non‐stationary process (both in amplitude and frequency) by using modified Littlewood–Paley basis wavelets. The proposed formulation is based on replacing the non‐linear system by an equivalent linear system with time‐dependent damping properties. The expressions of the instantaneous damping and the power spectral density function (PSDF) of the superstructure response have been obtained in terms of the functionals of input wavelet coefficients. The proposed formulation has been validated by simulating a ground motion process. The effect of the frequency non‐stationarity on the non‐linear response has also been studied in detail, and it has been clearly shown how ignoring the frequency non‐stationarity in the ground motion leads to inaccurate non‐linear response calculations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Comparative Study of Methods for Delineating Sphere of Urban Influence: A Case Study on Central China

A number of urban and regional plans have been developed with the advancement of urbanization and regional integration, among which the delineation of sphere of urban influence and improvement of integration between the city and its hinterland have be- come vital important for guiding practices. In terms of delineating sphere of urban influence, existing studies have been focused on static study by using single year data or single method, resulting in a lack of time-series longitudinal analysis or comprehensive analysis based on multiple methods This study emphasizes on comparing two methods from both the theoretical and empirical perspective. Both gravity model and improwd field model are applied to the selected study area for measurements and comparison, to explore their strengths and weaknesses. A research framework for comprehensive analysis on delineating sphere of urban influence is proposed. In the end, the differences of deli：aeating methods are illustrated and the feasibility of comprehensive analysis is discussed. Recommendations are provided for selecting appropriate methods for delineating sphere of urban influence or developing regional hierarchy system plans and urban spatial structure schemes.