改进的斜坡降雨入渗与坡面径流耦合算法研究

大气降雨时坡面径流与非饱和入渗的耦合计算,是降雨诱发滑坡及水土流失等研究中的重大问题之一。从坡面径流和降雨入渗控制方程着手,建立了基于有限元方法的耦合方程求解模型,实现了耦合问题的直接求解。该耦合计算模型与求解方法避免了坡面径流和降雨入渗间的迭代计算,也不需计算两者间的流量交换,较大程度地提高了计算效率和计算精度。算例表明,该方法正确可行,计算效率高,稳定性好。     

降雨条件下坡面径流和入渗耦合的数值模拟

降雨条件下坡面径流和降雨入渗的模拟互为条件,必须采用耦合分析的方法才能较好地解决这一问题。从坡面径流和降雨入渗控制方程着手,建立了用有限元方法求解该问题的耦合方程,并编制了相应的计算程序。为了加快迭代收敛的速度,还对地表饱和的判断提出了一种近似处理的方法。算例表明,所提出的方法可行,能较好地反映实际现象。该方法可为边（滑）坡稳定、水土流失、山地洪水分析等提供计算依据。     

非饱和土入渗的数值模拟

入渗引起土中孔隙水压力的变化,是影响非饱和土性状的最重要的原因之一。因此,正确地分析和模拟非饱和土入渗过程具有重要意义。通过对一维和二维降雨入渗问题的研究,展示了湿润锋面、地下水位面及孔隙水压力分布随时间的变化,使得对入渗问题的认识更加直观和清楚。     

隶属度判别法在水土流失快速评估中的应用

引入隶属度判别法对水土流失快速评估方法进行改进。在GIS的支持下,选取标准参照区域对反映水土流失状况的表现因子--输沙模数进行聚类,建立标准参照组,计算由各个环境因子特征值决定的水土流失对标准参照组的隶属度;采用特尔菲法确定选取的环境因子对表现因子的影响权重向量;对待测区域的环境因子进行分析,确定待测区域对标准参照组的隶属度矩阵和标准化隶属度向量;依据经验公式确定待测区域的输沙模数。以陕西省安塞县纸坊沟小流域为例进行了方法应用,结果表明该方法在小流域尺度上对输沙模数有较好的预测精度和较快的预测速度。     

降雨对均质各向异性土质边坡稳定性的影响

采用有限元法分析了非饱和均质各向异性土坡中的降雨渗透过程和土水相互作用的变化过程,使用修改的Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则考虑非饱和土的抗剪强度,根据基质吸力变化引起抗破坏强度变化的原理,寻找最危险的滑移面位置,计算最小稳定安全系数,研究了土坡遭受降雨渗透时的安全稳定问题。实例分析结果表明,该法在评判降雨时非饱和土坡的稳定性方面是合理可行的。同时分析数据表明裂隙的存在对土质边坡稳定性的影响是显著的,在对雨水入渗的土边坡稳定性分析时,必须考虑裂隙的影响。     

Difference infiltrometer: a method to measure temporally variable infiltration rates during rainstorms

We developed a difference infiltrometer to measure time series of non‐steady infiltration rates during rainstorms at the point scale. The infiltrometer uses two, tipping bucket rain gages. One gage measures rainfall onto, and the other measures runoff from, a small circular plot about 0.5‐m in diameter. The small size allows the infiltration rate to be computed as the difference of the cumulative rainfall and cumulative runoff without having to route water through a large plot. Difference infiltrometers were deployed in an area burned by the 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire near Boulder, Colorado, USA, and data were collected during the summer of 2011. The difference infiltrometer demonstrated the capability to capture different magnitudes of infiltration rates and temporal variability associated with convective (high intensity, short duration) and cyclonic (low intensity, long duration) rainstorms. Data from the difference infiltrometer were used to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil affected by the heat from a wildfire. The difference infiltrometer is portable and can be deployed in rugged, steep terrain and does not require the transport of water, as many rainfall simulators require, because it uses natural rainfall. It can be used to assess infiltration models, determine runoff coefficients, identify rainfall depth or rainfall intensity thresholds to initiate runoff, estimate parameters for infiltration models, and compare remediation treatments on disturbed landscapes. The difference infiltrometer can be linked with other types of soil monitoring equipment in long‐term studies for detecting temporal and spatial variability at multiple time scales and in nested designs where it can be linked to hillslope and basin‐scale runoff responses. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

An automated disc infiltrometer for infiltration rate measurements using a microflowmeter

This work presents a new design of disc infiltrometer, which, associated with a microflowmeter (MF) and a solenoid valve set, makes it possible to automate the infiltration rate (Q) measurements at different soil pressure heads (ψ). The MF consists of a 13·8‐cm long and 1·5 mm i.d. pipe, with a pressure transducer connecting the two ends of the MF, inserted in a water‐flow pipe that connects the Mariotte tube and the water‐supply reservoir of the disc infiltrometer. Water flow is calculated from the head losses in the MF. Changes in ψ in the bubble tower, automatically affected when the infiltration rate reaches steady state, are controlled by a datalogger connected to four solenoid valves. The new design was tested in laboratory and field conditions, and the results showed that the MF allows the soil water infiltration rates to be correctly estimated for different soil characteristics. The solenoid valve set plus datalogger system satisfactorily monitored the changes in ψ and allowed the measurement time to be optimized. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flood‐loss modelling for assessing impacts of flood‐frequency adjustment,Middle Mississippi River,USA

This study modelled flood losses (economic damages) along the Middle Mississippi River (MMR) (1) using current US government estimates of flow frequencies and (2) using frequencies based on the original, unaltered discharge measurements. The official flood frequencies were quantified in the Upper Mississippi River System Flow Frequency Study (UMRSFFS), but as a last step in that study, early discharges along the MMR were reduced by up to 54% to reflect a purported bias in early measurements. Subsequently, early discharge measurements were rigorously tested, and no such bias was found. Here, flood damages were quantified using a combination of one‐dimensional hydraulic modelling and flood‐loss modelling. For all recurrence intervals, damages were much less using the UMRSFFS flow frequencies compared with the frequencies based on the original discharge measurements, with differences ranging up to 79% (100‐year event) and $2.9bn (200‐year event). Annualized losses in the study area based on the UMRSFFS frequencies were just $41.6m versus $125.6m using the raw frequencies (an underestimation of 67%). These totals do not include flood losses elsewhere along the MMR, including in metropolitan St Louis. In summary, a seemingly small methodological adjustment – in this case, a single hidden adjustment, not documented anywhere within the UMRSFFS – can have dramatic societal impacts in terms of underestimation of flood probabilities and flood risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.