Elastic solutions of displacements for a transversely isotropic full space with inclined planes of symmetry subjected to a point load

This work presents analytical solutions for displacements caused by three‐dimensional point loads in a transversely isotropic full space, in which transversely isotropic planes are inclined with respect to the horizontal loading surface. In the derivation, the triple Fourier transforms are employed toyield integral expressions of Green's displacement; then, the triple inverse Fourier transforms and residue calculus are performed to integrate the contours. The solutions herein indicate that the displacements are governed by (1) the rotation of the transversely isotropic planes (?), (2) the type and degree of material anisotropy (E/E′, ν/ν′, G/G′), (3) the geometric position (r, φ, ξ) and (4) the types of loading (P_x, P_y, P_z). The solutions are identical to those of Liao and Wang (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomechanics 1998; 22 (6):425–447) if the full space is homogeneous and linearly elastic and the transversely isotropic planes are parallel to the horizontal surface. Additionally, a series of parametric study is conducted to demonstrate the presented solutions, and to elucidate the effect of the aforementioned factors on the displacements. The results demonstrate that the displacements in the infinite isotropic/transversely isotropic rocks, subjected to three‐dimensional point loads could be easily determined using the proposed solutions. Also, these solutions could realistically imitate the actual stratum of loading situations in numerous areas of engineering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic response of a case study soft story frame retrofitted using a GIB system

This paper presents results from a numerical investigation into the seismic retrofit of a soft story frame using a novel gapped‐inclined brace (GIB) system. The GIB system consists of a pinned brace and a gap element that is added to the first story columns of the frame. The inclusion of GIB elements in addition to increasing the lateral capacity of columns at the first story increases the post‐yield stiffness ratio of the system and reduces the P‐delta effects on the columns, while not increasing the first story lateral resistance or stiffness. This allows for the isolating benefits of the soft story to protect the upper floors of the structure from damage while avoiding excessive deformations and reducing the propensity for collapse. A six‐story RC frame with masonry infills on all floors except for the first floor is studied. The dynamic response of the retrofitted building using the GIB system is investigated numerically and is compared with the response of the original un‐retrofitted building and the same building in which masonry infills are added to the first story to mitigate the soft story response. Results from the nonlinear time‐history analyses indicate that the GIB system could provide a reliable seismic retrofit mechanism for soft story buildings, which greatly reduces the likelihood of collapse by increasing the displacement capacity of the soft storey and by reducing P‐delta effects, while minimizing the overall damage and losses in the building by taking advantages of the isolation that is provided by the soft story to the rest of the structure located above. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Kinematic internal forces in deep foundations with inclined piles

This paper presents a parametric study that looks into the influence of pile rake angle on the kinematic internal forces of deep foundations with inclined piles. Envelopes of maximum kinematic bending moments, shear forces and axial loads are presented along single inclined piles and 2 × 2 symmetrical square pile groups with inclined elements subjected to an earthquake generated by vertically incident shear waves. Inclination angles from 0° to 30° are considered, and three different pile–soil stiffness ratios are studied. These results are obtained through a frequency–domain analysis using a boundary element–finite element code in which the soil is modelled by the boundary element method as a homogeneous, viscoelastic, unbounded region, and the piles are modelled by finite elements as Euler–Bernoulli beams. The rotational kinematic response of the pile foundations is shown to be a key factor on the evolution of the kinematic internal forces along the foundations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小角度成层倾斜场地动力响应分析的大型振动台试验研究

基于大型振动台试验,研究小角度成层倾斜场地在倾向、走向、垂向、坡面方向、坡面垂直方向上的地震动响应特征,以及地层倾角对场地反应谱的影响规律。试验结果表明：在倾向方向,随着地层倾角的增大,倾斜场地的放大效应增大;在走向方向,当地层倾角小于12.5°时,放大效应强于水平成层场地;在倾向、走向方向,当地层倾角达到12.5°时,场地对反应谱短周期T≤0.1 s部分具有放大作用,对T＞0.1 s的部分具有削弱作用;在垂向方向,随着地层倾角的增加,倾斜场地的放大效应强于水平成层场地;在坡面方向,倾斜场地的放大效应弱于水平成层场地;在坡面垂向方向,倾斜场地的放大效应强于水平成层场地。该研究成果对小角度成层倾斜场地上的建筑物抗震设计具有一定的参考意义。     

竖向荷载作用下斜桩荷载传递性状试验研究

通过模型试验研究了竖向荷载作用下砂土中斜桩的荷载传递性状,分析了桩身倾角及长径比对斜桩桩身轴力、弯矩、剪力、桩侧摩阻力及端阻比的影响。试验结果表明：在桩顶竖向荷载作用下,斜桩桩身轴力均小于相应直桩桩身轴力,桩身倾角越大,轴力沿深度衰减得越快,桩长径比越大,轴力沿深度衰减得也越快;斜桩桩身最大弯矩随桩身倾角及长径比的增加而增加,最大弯矩出现的深度与桩身倾角无关,只与长径比相关;不论桩身倾角及长径比的大小,斜桩桩身最大剪力均出现在桩顶截面处,桩身最大剪力随着桩身倾角的增加而增大;桩身倾角越大,斜桩最大摩阻力越大,长径比越大,斜桩最大摩阻力越小,斜桩最大摩阻力出现在桩顶下1/4～1/5桩长处;斜桩端阻比随着桩顶竖向荷载的增加而增大,随着桩身倾角及长径比的增加而减小。     

缓倾地层微震定位算法探讨及其数值验证

倾斜层状地层中速度模型对于震源精确定位具有重要意义。基于水平层状地层两点间的快速射线追踪法,分析了应力波在倾斜地层中的传播路径及规律。结合网格搜索法,提出了针对倾斜地层的微震定位算法,并与传统的基于单一速度模型的定位算法进行对比分析;探索性地采用了颗粒流理论构建地层数值模型,通过颗粒间的相互作用模拟应力波传播进行定位算法有效性验证。研究结果表明：（1）对于倾斜地层,基于简化弹性波等速传播规律的定位算法精度较差,单一速度模型不能满足复杂介质的定位要求;（2）采用倾斜分层速度模型并改进应力波传播路径的计算方法能有效提高倾斜地层的震源定位精度,同时分析了地层倾角以及地层数对算法精度的影响,表明定位误差与倾角、地层数成正比;（3）通过减小网格搜索法的网格尺寸可在一定程度上提高定位精度,合理的尺寸大小和搜索策略有助于网格搜索法在实际工程中的应用。建立的倾斜地层震源定位及其验证方法可为进一步研究复杂地层定位监测技术提供重要的理论和技术支撑。     

基于量纲分析的缓倾斜空区顶板稳定性的影响规律研究

缓倾斜薄-中厚矿床开采过程中,影响空区顶板稳定性的因素较多,多因素影响条件下的影响规律较为复杂且难以定量化。针对以上问题,以上横山矿为研究对象,根据单因素试验数值模拟结果确定了缓倾斜空区顶板拉应力最大值 和沉降量最大值 的影响因素并分析了其影响特征,基于各影响因素的物理含义分别构建了 量纲模型和 量纲模型;在此基础上,设计了缓倾斜空区顶板稳定性影响因素的数值模拟均匀试验,根据试验结果定义了顶板 和 的无量纲函数关系式;选取了缓倾斜矿床空区顶板沉降的实例对 无量纲函数关系式进行了验证,验证结果与实测值基本吻合,平均误差为9.68%,具有较好的应用价值。该成果可为缓倾斜矿床采矿参数的选取、空区顶板的管理等提供参考。     

陡倾逆断层形成机制——以塔里木盆地色力布亚断层为例

中国西部盆地多发育陡倾逆冲断层,但对其成因仍未取得统一认识。色力布亚断裂带位于塔里木盆地的西部,是一条典型的陡倾逆冲断层,为研究陡倾断层的成因提供了很好的实例。根据最新地震剖面与地层分析认为,色力布亚断裂上部倾角约为65°,经两期构造运动形成,第一期是加里东晚期运动-海西早期运动（362~439 Ma）,第二期为喜马拉雅中期运动（5.3~23.3 Ma）;正是断层的多期活动形成了上部的陡倾断层,即先存缓倾逆断层的活动改变了局部应力场,使最大主应力轴由水平变倾斜,随之产生的库伦断裂倾角变陡,并伴生反冲逆断层。同时利用数字砂箱模拟结果验证了上述推断。      

拟建海堤的选型及其对邻近桥墩的影响

基于深圳市大铲湾(宝安中心区段)海堤(西侧)工程与深圳市沿江高速公路桥桩工程,通过对抛石海堤排水固结处理软基、大袋砂海堤排水固结处理软基、抛石海堤爆破处理软基、抛石海堤挖淤处理软基等4种不同类型海堤的基本结构型式及其技术特点进行对比,确定了拟建海堤(西侧)的结构型式;并基于FLAC软件数值模拟拟建海堤(西侧)施工刚完成时对沿江高速公路桥墩的影响.结果表明:拟建海堤(西侧)采用重力式斜坡堤,并使用大袋砂海堤排水固结处理软基方案比较合理;拟建海堤(西侧)施工刚完成时,离海堤边线40.8 m处的桥桩水平向最大位移约为7.5mm,离海堤边线176.8m处的桥桩水平向位移更小,显然拟建海堤(西侧)施工时对已建桥桩的影响甚微.     

边坡物理模型倾斜加载方式的研究

模型试验是研究边坡失稳机制的重要技术手段,通过倾斜模型获得滑坡的变形破坏过程也是常用的试验方法。作为一种试验加载方法,倾斜加载方式的可控性、倾斜过程中应力场的相似性都是影响该方法应用的关键性问题。为了研究试验方法的可控性,以块状滑体为例,分析计算了模型倾斜和离心加载两种试验方法对滑块抗滑安全系数的影响过程,结果表明,倾斜加载方法可以随着倾斜角度的增加连续地降低滑块的抗滑安全系数,而离心加载方式仅在1g～10g范围内对滑块的抗滑安全系数产生显著影响。为了比较模型倾斜前后模型内部应力场的相似性,建立了物理模型的数值计算模型,模拟不同倾斜角条件下坡体内的应力场。计算结果表明,模型倾斜过程中,坡体中部应力状态保持稳定,倾斜角较大时,坡体的前缘滑带位置应力状态变化较大,前缘进入塑性变形的可能性增大,局部应力场变化有利于模拟水库型滑坡的破坏机制。为了验证倾斜模型模拟滑坡破坏过程的应用效果,以千将坪滑坡为原型,采用倾斜加载方式进行破坏模型试验,获得了滑坡的破坏过程。与非连续变形分析方法(DDA)模拟的结果相比,模型试验得到的破坏形态更接近实际滑坡。