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981.
In this paper, a three‐dimensional smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulator for modeling grain scale fluid flow in porous media is presented. The versatility of the SPH method has driven its use in increasingly complex areas of flow analysis, including the characterization of flow through permeable rock for both groundwater and petroleum reservoir research. SPH provides the means to model complex multi‐phase flows through such media; however, acceptance of the methodology has been hampered by the apparent lack of actual verification within the literature, particulary in the three‐dimensional case. In this paper, the accuracy of SPH is addressed via a comparison to the previously recognized benchmarks of authors such as Sangani and Acrivos (Int. J. Multiphase Flow 1982; 8 (4): 343–360), Zick and Homsy (J. Fluid Mech. 1982; 115 :13–26) and Larson and Higdon (Phys. Fluids A 1989; 1 (1):38–46) for the well‐defined classical problems of flow through idealized two‐ and three‐dimensional porous media. The accuracy of results for such low Reynolds number flows is highly dependent on the implementation of no‐slip boundary conditions. A new, robust and numerically efficient, method for implementing such boundaries in SPH is presented. Simulation results for friction coefficient and permeability are shown to agree well with the available benchmarks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
982.
Ludmila A. Pavlova Ludmila Ph. Paradina Olga Yu. Belozerova 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2001,25(2-3):333-344
In this paper we report the results of electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA) that was used to study environmental materials. The mode of preparation and certification of reference samples based on a basaltic glass matrix for environmental applications of EPMA is described. These samples were prepared containing scandium, strontium and barium (from 0.03 up to 7% m/m) and an evaluation was made of homogeneity, their stability to local heating, followed by analysis by independent methods for certification of composition. Matrix correction procedures for the EPMA technique have been developed for particles having a size commensurable with the volume of X-ray generation. An analytical equation for the size factor is proposed and two techniques for selecting optimum conditions for the analysis of environmental samples by EPMA are reported. These procedures provided satisfactory results when utilized in analysing sediments recovered from snow, coal fly ash and the bones of animals and fish, results from which can be used as indicators for evaluating the pollution level of the lower atmosphere, surface and ground water, as well as revealing pollution mechanisms. 相似文献
983.
Many articles describing the unusual mobility of solid particles in the subsurface layers of the Earth's crust have been
published in the last decades, especially in the geological literature. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, several
hypotheses have been developed. The one closest to the behavior observed in nature is based on quantum mechanics. Based on
this phenomenon, a new geological prospecting method called Molecular Form of Elements (MFE) was developed in former Czechoslovakia
during the 1970s. It has been widely applied since for various types of prospecting, including the search for thermal and
mineral waters. When using the MFE method for prospecting, the relationship between the ascending mineral springs and the
four directions of structural faults was discovered. The possibility of whether a process, similar to the one acting during
the absorption of elements when using the MFE method, can be a source of dissolved solid particles during the creation of
mineral waters is also discussed.
Received: 3 March 2000 · Accepted: 11 July 2000 相似文献
984.
985.
Based on the data of first motion of 11 earthquake sequences with ML ≥ 3.0 recorded by the Telemetric Seismic Network of Shanxi since the 1980s, the first motion characteristics of each earthquake sequence were studied. It is known that earthquake sequences of different types have different consistency characteristics of focal mechanism. The decrease and increase of the first motion contradictory sign ratios could be taken as an index to judge whether there would still be a larger earthquake to come after the earthquake sequence. 相似文献
986.
987.
988.
本文引入算法复杂性度量C(n)判别震群活动是否具有前兆意义。选取1971-1993年间3.2≤Mma≤x5.0,N≥12的震群序列,用10小时段,五种震级状态计算C(n),发现当C(n)≥8时,与其后164天内四川及西南部周边附近5级以上强震相关。R评分具有97.5%置信水平。同时,分析、比较了C(n)与参数b、K、U、H的预报能力,认为C(n)有一定的预报效能且高于H、U和K。 相似文献
989.
Takeshi Nishimura 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,127(3):773-782
We investigate the particle orbits of long-period (about 20 s) P waves observed with the global seismic network. By analysing 84 three-component seismograms recorded at 25 stations from 60 earthquakes occurring beneath 300 km, we quantitatively evaluate the orbits by three sets of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, using a covariance matrix method. The eigenvalues for P waves recorded at stations located on continents are explained by the standard horizontal layered structure model (iasp91). On the other hand, the orbits observed at stations close to island arcs are affected not only by the horizontal layered structure but also by heterogeneity due to subducting plates, mantle diapirs and so on. On the basis of a single-scattering model for a plane P wave, we quantify the heterogeneities by an isotropic scattering coefficient g0. Fitting the theoretical eigenvalues to the observed ones, we estimate g0 for the crust and upper mantle beneath continents to be less than 0.0005 km-1 , and the mean g0 for the structure beneath island arcs to be about 0.0015 to 0.003 km-1 . 相似文献
990.
Rolf Sander 《Surveys in Geophysics》1999,20(1):1-31
For detailed modeling of atmospheric chemistry it is necessary to consider aqueous-phase reactions in cloud droplets and deliquesced aerosol particles. Often, the gas-phase concentration is in equilibrium with the aqueous phase. Then Henrys law can be used to describe the distribution between the phases provided that the Henrys law coefficient is known. In some cases, thermodynamic equilibrium will not be reached and it is necessary to use kinetic expressions of the rates involved. These rates depend on diffusion constants, accommodation coefficients, Henrys law coefficients, particle size distributions, and several other parameters. This review describes how these processes can be treated in computer modeling and how the necessary data can be obtained. Even though it is written primarily for use in modeling atmospheric chemistry, some parts will also be useful for waste water and pesticide control and in other areas where the distribution of chemicals between the aqueous and the gas phase is important. 相似文献