A model of boiling for fluid inclusion studies: Application to the Bolaños Ag–Au–Pb–Zn epithermal deposit,Western Mexico

Boiling can be inferred from fluid inclusion microthermometry studies when a progressive increase in apparent salinity is observed along with a decrease of homogenization temperature (T_H) and depth, thus reflecting the partitioning of non-volatile solutes into the liquid phase during steam loss. We propose a model for fluid evolution during boiling based on mass and heat balance equations, which establishes paths in the T_H-salinity space that can be compared with fluid inclusion data to confirm or discard boiling. Additionally, the model allows calculating paleo-depths, for which the effect of steam bubbles lowering the hydrostatic pressure is taken into account.     

河北武安玉泉岭铁矿床流体包裹体地球化学特征

本文在系统总结前人关于玉泉岭铁矿床地质特征及矿床特征的基础上,开展了石榴石和方解石流体包裹体均一法测温,并对磁铁矿、黄铁矿和方解石样品进行了气液相成分测试。结果表明,流体包裹体气相的主要成分为H2O和CO2,液相成分以K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、F-、SO2-4为主。流体包裹体均一温度变化于100～560℃,主要集中于140～540℃,盐度变化于1.91%～21.19%,主要集中于4.50%～18.00%。综合以上流体包裹体特征,表明成矿流体可能主要来源于岩浆水,部分来自大气降水。     

新疆东天山东戈壁钼矿矿床地质和地球化学特征

新疆东天山东戈壁钼矿床是迄今为止在我国东天山找到的最大规模的钼矿床,钼矿资源量超过5×10⁵ t。该矿床赋存于花岗斑岩外接触带中,矿石矿物以辉钼矿、黄铁矿为主,围岩蚀变以硅化、钾化、黄铁矿化、电气石化、碳酸盐化和萤石化为特征。其成矿作用可以划分为成矿期和成矿期后两个阶段,成矿温度为140℃～380℃,盐度为0.88～21.33 wt%NaCl,成矿深度为1.76～2.87 km,指示东戈壁钼矿为中低温、中低盐度的浅成矿床。对主要钼矿体8件辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素分析获得的等时线年龄为234.3±1.6 Ma,表明该矿床的成矿时代为印支期。东戈壁钼矿床形成时代的厘定对于提高该矿床的理论研究水平和指导该区隐伏金属矿床的找矿勘查工作均具有重要意义。     

和田宝塔山铅锌矿地质特征与流体包裹体研究

新疆宝塔山铅锌矿含矿地层为上白垩统铁隆滩组,赋矿岩石主要为褐铁矿化灰岩、碎裂化灰岩及灰岩碎裂岩,次为碎裂化强蚀变火山岩,围岩蚀变强烈,主要有碳酸盐化、青磐岩化等.属与构造热液有关的层控型碳酸盐岩型铅锌矿床,矿石具高Fe2O3、低K2O及Na2O>K2O总体特征.流体包裹体化学成分研究表明,成矿流体为中高温、中低密度热液,并存在温度逐渐降低或升高、从高盐度变化为低盐度演化特点.     

利用石油包裹体烃组分信息恢复塔中地区油气成藏过程

为恢复塔中地区油气成藏过程,利用改进的石油包裹体烃组分分析方法进行了详细的研究。结果表明塔中地区储层油和包裹体油的组分差异明显。包裹体油和下奥陶统储层油中伽马蜡烷和C28甾烷相对丰度较高,来源于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,其他储层油中伽马蜡烷和C28甾烷相对丰度较低,来源于中-上奥陶统烃源岩。储层油的成熟度高于对应层位的包裹体油,表明高成熟度的石油再次充注。石炭系和志留系包裹体油和储层油中存在25-降藿烷系列,表明石油成藏后遭受了生物降解作用。恢复了塔中地区3期油气成藏过程,第1期和第2期分别为志留纪末期和二叠纪末期来源于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩的油气成藏,第3期为二叠纪末期来源于中-上奥陶统烃源岩的油气成藏。     

青海大场金矿田矿床成因:流体包裹体地球化学及H-O同位素的约束

青海大场金矿田位于可可西里-巴颜喀拉晚古生代-中生代浊积盆地褶断带内,是川陕甘交接地区的一个超大型矿田.矿床受NW向构造破碎蚀变带控制,赋矿围岩为三叠系炭质砂板岩,矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、毒砂和辉锑矿,脉石矿物主要为石英、长石和方解石.金的赋存状态以微细粒金为主.大场金矿田矿石中流体包裹体主要为盐水溶液包裹体(W型)、少量的含CO2包裹体(C型)和富CO2包裹体(PC型)组成.成矿流体具有中低温(180～ 200℃)、低盐度(2％～ 5％ NaCleqv)、成矿深度为7.9 ～ 12.3km的特征.气、液相成分测定显示气相成分以N2、CO2 O2、H2O为主;液相成分中阳离子以Ca2+、Na+、Li+、K+为主,阴离子以富SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、F-为特点,成矿流体属Ca2++ Na++SO42-型,有机碳参与了流体成矿作用.氢氧同位素组成分别为δD=-62％～-106％,δ18OH2O=3.1％～ 10.5％,说明成矿流体主要为建造水,也有岩浆流体的加入.根据大场金矿田成矿地质背景、流体特征及演化和成矿的构造背景和机制,本文首次提出大场金矿为类卡林型金矿,为研究该区金矿成矿作用提供了参考.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部二叠系油气成藏的时间和期次

提要：油气成藏年代学是多旋回叠合盆地油气成藏动力学研究的热点问题。运用钻井岩心样品的自生伊利石同位素定年和流体包裹体间接定年方法,探讨分析了鄂尔多斯盆地东北部二叠系多期次油气成藏的时间和期次。含油气砂岩自生伊利石年龄以较宽的时间域分布在178~108 Ma,测年数据的统计分布特征指示二叠系原生油气成藏时间主要集中在175~155 Ma和145~115 Ma两组主值年龄区间,相应的峰值年龄为165 Ma和130 Ma。流体包裹体测温数据的统计分析与其宿主砂岩磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟路径的投影关系表明,二叠系不同层段共同经历了与90~78 ℃和125~118 ℃两组统计峰温相应的162~153 Ma和140~128 Ma两期原生油气成藏事件,其中的上二叠统则还经历了统计峰温接近98 ℃、峰值年龄接近30 Ma的一期次生油气成藏事件。由此认为,鄂尔多斯盆地东北部二叠系不同层段在中生代早—中期的多旋回沉降增温过程至少经历了165~153 Ma和140~128 Ma的两期原生油气成藏作用,上二叠统则在晚白垩世以来盆地后期抬升改造阶段的构造动热转换过程经历了接近30 Ma的一期次生油气成藏作用。     

Characteristics of Mineralizing Fluids of the Darreh‐Zerreshk and Ali‐Abad Porphyry Copper Deposits,Central Iran,Determined by Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry

The Darreh‐Zereshk (DZ) and Ali‐Abad (AB) porphyry copper deposits are located in southwest of the Yazd city, central Iran. These deposits occur in granitoid intrusions, ranging in composition from quartz monzodiorite through granodiorite to granite. The ore‐hosting intrusions exhibit intense hydrofracturing that lead to the formation of quartz‐sulfide veinlets. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz in these deposits are classified as a mono‐phase vapor type (Type I), liquid‐rich two phase (liquid + vapor) type (Type IIA), vapor‐rich two phase (vapor + liquid) type (Type IIB), and multi‐phase (liquid + vapor + halite + sylvite + hematite + chalcopyrite and pyrite) type (Types III). Homogenization temperatures (Th) and salinity data are presented for fluid inclusions from hydrothermal quartz veinlets associated with potassic alteration and other varieties of hypogene mineralization. Ore precipitation occurred between 150° to >600°C from low to very high salinity (1.1–73.9 wt% NaCl equivalent) aqueous fluids. Two stages of hydrothermal activity characterized are recognized; one which shows relatively high Th and lower salinity fluid (Type IIIa; Th_(L‐V) > Tm_(NaCl)); and one which shows lower Th and higher salinity (Type IIIb; Th_(L‐V) < Tm_(NaCl)). The high Th_(L‐V) and salinities of Type IIIa inclusions are interpreted to represent the initial existence of a dense fluid of magmatic origin. The coexistence of Type IIIb, Type I and Type IIB fluid inclusions suggest that these inclusions resulted either from trapping of boiling fluids and/or represent two immiscible fluids. These processes probably occurred as the result of pressure fluctuations from lithostatic to hydrostatic conditions under a pressure of 200 to 300 bar. Dilution of these early fluids by meteoritic water resulted in lower temperatures and low to moderate salinity (<20 wt% NaCl equiv.) fluids (Type IIA). Fluid inclusion analysis reveals that the hydrothermal fluid, which formed mineralized quartz veinlets in the rocks with potassic alteration, had temperatures of ～500°C and salinity ～50 wt% NaCl equiv. Cryogenic SEM‐EDS analyses of frozen and decrepitated ore‐bearing fluids trapped in the inclusions indicate the fluids were dominated with NaCl, and KCl with minor CaCl₂.     

Origin of fluids in the Hetaoping Pb–Zn deposit,Baoshan–Narong–Dongzhi block metallogenic belt,Yunnan Province,SW China

The Hetaoping skarn type Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Baoshan–Narong–Dongzhi block metallogenic belt (BND belt), a belt between the Tengchong terrane and the Lanping basin. The deposit is hosted by marble of the upper Cambrian Hetaoping Formation and there are no outcrops of plutonic rocks present. This deposit is one of two large Pb–Zn deposits recently discovered in the BND belt. The Hetaoping deposit is a high Mn skarn. Four types of fluid inclusions were recognized in quartz from the deposit: vapor-rich inclusions (Type I), liquid-rich inclusions (Type II), pure vapor inclusions (Type III), and pure fluid inclusions (Type IV). The coexistence of Type I and Type III inclusions in Stage I (pre-ore stage) and Stage II (main ore stage) shows evidence of fluid boiling. Quartz-hosted fluid inclusions (Stage I and Stage II) display high homogenization temperatures and salinities (134–315 °C; 3.7–18.6 wt% NaCl equivalent) but calcite-hosted fluid inclusions in Stage III (post-ore stage) record lower homogenization temperatures and salinities (85–214 °C; 0.5–5.4 wt% NaCl equivalent). These data suggest a possible mixing between primary magmatic water and meteoric water. Based on chromatography data, the fluid inclusions in quartz contain abundant CO₂ and O₂ and subordinate CO, CH₄ and C₂H₂ + C₂H₄, suggesting an oxidizing environment. Based on their Na/K and Cl/SO₄ ratios, fluids contained in fluid inclusions are similar to volcanic spring waters. The low Na/K ratios (0.40–1.34) of the ore-forming fluids may have resulted from interaction with a deep alkaline intermediate-acid intrusion. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope determinations on quartz from different ore stages show low δ¹⁸O and δD values relative to VSMOW (−4.3‰ to 2.3‰; −109‰ to −91‰), indicating that the ore-forming fluids were diluted by external fluid sources as the skarn system cooled. Overall, geological and geochemical interpretations suggest that the Hetaoping deposit is a distal manganese skarn Pb–Zn deposit related to concealed intrusions.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组低渗透油藏成藏期次研究

主要对陇东地区延长组流体包裹体特征进行了研究,结合烃源岩生烃史、原油成熟度,综合分析研究区的成藏期次。流体包裹体镜下观察与荧光特征显示陇东地区延长组存在两期油气包裹体：第一期油气包裹体在单偏光下呈灰褐色或深褐色的液烃包裹体,丰度较低,盐水包裹体均一温度主峰为75~95 ℃;第二期油气包裹体以气液烃包裹体为主,液烃表现为无色或淡黄色的单偏光特征与浅黄色至蓝绿色的荧光特征,丰度较高,盐水包裹体均一温度主峰为75~95 ℃与100~120 ℃。结合烃源岩生烃史与原油成熟度认为,陇东地区延长组存在三期成藏：距今约为140~130 Ma的早期低熟油小规模充注时期;发生于120~100 Ma,与烃源岩生烃高峰期相对应的中期成熟度大规模成藏期;距今约为100~40 Ma的晚白垩世构造抬升调整成藏时期。