X-ray absorption contrast images of binary chemical reactions

Low-divergence synchrotron-sourced X-rays enable a radiographic imaging scheme for full characterization of binary chemical reactions and characterization by type of more complex reactions, in situ, in diamond anvil cells (DAC). Spatially resolved reactants are induced to react by laser heating of their interface. The spatially intermediate products are observed through X-ray absorption contrast. Limits to the technique include the ability to maintain controlled experiment geometry during compression and the ability to resolve chemical differences between reactants and products by X-ray absorption. The ability to make in situ observations at experimental pressure and temperature obviates the problem with quenching techniques for capturing liquid compositions in experiments with dimensions smaller than the diffusion length during quenching time. Partially molten Fe-alloy systems, of poor quenchability, are examined at DAC pressures and temperatures for relevance to Earth's core constitution and evolution. Determinations of eutectic melting in Fe–FeS match known results. Of the probable light elements that may alloy with Fe in the Earth's liquid outer core, Fe–FeS experiments show only modest quenching problems, but C and Si alloy experiments are highly vulnerable to quenching artifacts. The observed reactivity of FeS, Fe₃C, FeSi, and FeO(OH) with Fe in DAC makes the observed non-reactivity between Fe and FeO more significant, reducing the probability that oxygen alone is the major alloy in Earth's molten outer core.     

Converted phases analysis of the Campi Flegrei caldera using active seismic data

We applied a type of depth migration for converted seismic phases to active and passive seismic data sets from the Campi Flegrei volcanic region in southern Italy. The migration method is based on the diffraction summation migration technique. Travel times to grid points in a volume were calculated in smooth P and S-velocity models and trace energy near the calculated converted phase time was stacked over multiple sources at one receiver. Weighting factors based on Snell's Law at an arbitrarily oriented local interface were applied to better focus trace energy. PP reflection images from the active data set provide increased detail to images of the caldera rim from other studies. The migrated images also show features near 2–3 km in depth beneath Pozzuoli City, which may be associated with an over-pressured gas volume, as suggested by other geophysical investigations. Possible deeper features near 4 km depth may be related to the presence of the carbonate basement or may image a previously undetected feature, such as a small body of strongly thermometamorphosed volcanic rock. The current passive earthquake data set from the 1984 ground uplift episode was not well suited to the converted phases analysis due to narrow P–S windows and high noise levels in the traces. However, two stations provide confirmation and extension of imaged features in the active data.     

地-空瞬变电磁法电阻率成像研究与应用

地-空瞬变电磁法(Semi-airborne transient electromagnetic,SATEM)凭借适应能力强、探测深度大、实时性强等特点,适用于湖泊、沼泽、山区等地形复杂地区观测.SATEM接收数据量大、精度要求高,传统成像方法基于地面视电阻率计算未考虑飞行高度,开展SATEM的高精度快速成像研究对实际运用有重要作用.针对SATEM中电性源发射装置感应电流分布,接收装置设置于空中以及两者不在相同平面的特点,本文考虑横向、纵向感应电流差异,飞行高度对视电阻率影响等因素,提出电性源SATEM电阻率成像方法.首先,基于电性源瞬变电磁场感应电流分布特征及各分量空间分布、扩散特性分析,推导出基于均匀半空间磁场与感应电压解析解,然后定义了电性源地-空瞬变电磁法早期、晚期、全期视电阻率;最后根据对感应电流分布分析定义了横向分量和纵向分量的成像深度,并研究了成像深度受飞行高度、发射磁矩、偏移距、偏移角度的影响;对煤炭采空区的实测结果表明,利用本文提出的电阻率成像方法可以更加精确定位目标体位置.     

利用区域辐射特性优化获取光学遥感数据

通过分析成像过程及其影响因素,提出了对成像积分时间进行控制的优化成像方法。首先建立成像参数模型,探讨了模型参数计算、成像过程中模型参数的选择,分析了图像后处理问题,并利用北京一号小卫星进行了遥感数据优化获取实验。实验结果表明,根据地物特性进行成像参数优化后获取的图像具有更宽的动态范围和更高的辐射分辨率,信息量和信噪比也大幅增强。     

珠江口盆地惠州地区珠江组砂体上倾尖灭的地质-地球物理“逐级预测”方法

砂体上倾尖灭油气藏是岩性油气藏中重要类型之一,砂体上倾尖灭的刻画与描述是上倾尖灭圈闭有效性评价的关键。在以三角洲前缘沉积为主构成的三级层序内,三角洲沉积相关砂体上倾尖灭的地质-地球物理“逐级预测”描述方法对于认识上倾尖灭油气藏分布规律及其油气勘探具有重要意义。该方法由5个部分组成:在三级层序识别的基础上,运用高精度层序地层划分技术建立了四级层序构成的高频层序地层格架;在高频层序约束下,利用地震沉积学技术描述沉积相的平面分布;在地质模型指导下,利用频谱成像技术定性确定尖灭带的分布;利用相控储层反演半定量、定量预测砂体尖灭线;根据不同成因砂体的沉积特点,利用正演模拟技术开展尖灭线的外推预测。     

多信息多技术深度速度建模技术在复杂构造中的应用研究

中国西部等复杂区的油气勘探潜力较大,但地质条件复杂,造成常规偏移成像的精度不够,给解释带来了诸多困难。根据其地质特点,围绕高精度成像的需求,开展高精度速度建模技术研究,形成了配套的技术策略,为其进一步改善复杂区的成像精度,落实勘探目标奠定了基础。在该配套技术中:基于真地表的速度建模技术可以通过真地表数据准备来解决现有大圆滑偏移基准面对成像波场的改变、初至层析近地表建模技术的应用弥补了反射建模技术在近地表应用的不足、多信息约束速度建模可提高速度模型的可靠性、各向异性假设的成像技术更加接近复杂构造地下介质的假设,这些技术的配套应用可以有效提高复杂区成像位置的精度和准确度。在实际资料中的应用充分说明该技术的有效性。     

基于MODIS的长江口表层水体盐度时空分异

长江河口地处海陆交汇地区,其海表盐度受到长江流域、东海和三角洲社会经济活动的复合影响。水体盐度直观反映了河口区域冲淡水分布,对于研究淡水羽状锋、长江物质输送与河口环境变化等具有重要意义。本文分别对枯季和洪季的长江口盐度实测数据,以及中分辨率成像光谱仪（moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS）遥感反射率与反射率的比值进行拟合回归分析,建立长江口表层盐度反演经验模型,得到枯季的相关系数和均方根误差（root-mean-square error,RMSE）分别为-0.930 3、0.45‰,洪季的相关系数和RMSE分别为-0.818 5、0.88‰;并分析模型在时间尺度上的适用性。利用该盐度反演模型对长江口2007-2016年的表层盐度进行反演,结合大通站记录的长江径流量观测资料,分析长江口表层水体盐度的时空变化规律。结果表明：长江口表层盐度受径流量影响较大,空间上呈自西向东递增趋势,具有季节性分异;枯季近岸盐度较高,高盐度海水可以到达长江口南北支分叉122.5°E附近;洪季冲淡水影响范围广,高盐度海水聚集在123°E以东、31°N以南,长江口北部出现低盐区域;2007-2016年间枯季大通站流量呈上升趋势,平均盐度为29.27‰,总体呈降低趋势,洪季大通站流量呈降低趋势,平均盐度为27.10‰,呈上升趋势,盐度和径流量在年际变化中存在良好的负相关关系。     

Stretching correction for amplitude-preserving vector wavefield reverse-time migration

The migration of multi-wave seismic data is aimed at obtaining the P- and S-wave imaging results of the amplitude preserving. But the P- and S-wave stretching effect produced by the reverse time migration of the elastic wave equation will not only reduce the vertical resolution of the migration results and the amplitude preserving of the large reflection angle. In this paper, the reverse time migration technique of amplitude preserving vector wave-field separating is used. Based on the analysis of the stretch mechanism and the influencing factors of stretch magnitude, the paper gave the stretch correcting factors. Then, realize the stretch correction method at the time that after the reverse extrapolation and before the imaging by solving the problem which is how to calculate the P-wave and Ps-wave propagation directions of imaging points at different times. The stretch correction method can improve the vertical resolution and amplitude fidelity of the imaging results and provide high fidelity input data for seismic data interpretation and inversion.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Remote sensing of paleodrainage systems west of the Nile River,Egypt

Remotely sensed data show details of the geomorphic features and landscape evolution west of the Nile. The detected features include remnants of paleochannels, flutes and rock-mass movements. Fused radar/optical data, altitudinal profiles and 3D perspective view provided evidences of massive landslides that fully blocked the earlier Nile channel near to the Western Desert plateau. This channel was ~30 km west of the present Nile at ~100 m above the present level of the Nile. Subsequently, the fluvial activities shifted about ~10 km eastward, leaving behind several remnants of paleochannels, fluvial deposits, ancient landscape and Nilotic fauna. The automatic extraction of stream networks clearly depicts the developments of paleochannels. Our results revealed that fluvial activity switched from the Gallaba plain to the present Nile course through a series of tectonic and climatic changes. Furthermore, integration of radar and optical images provided an explanation for causes of the undulated forms ‘flutes’.     

Ground-based hyperspectral imaging and terrestrial laser scanning for fracture characterization in the Mississippian Boone Formation

Petroleum geoscientists have been using cores and well logs to study source rocks and reservoirs, however, the inherent discontinuous nature of these data cannot account for horizontal heterogeneities. Modern exploitation requires better understanding of important source rocks and reservoirs at outcrop scale. Remote sensing of outcrops is becoming a first order tool for reservoir analog studies including horizontal heterogeneities. This work used ground-based hyperspectral imaging, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and high-resolution photography to study a roadcut of the Boone Formation at Bella Vista, northwest Arkansas, and developed an outcrop model for reservoir analog analyses.The petroliferous Boone Formation consists of fossiliferous limestones interbedded with chert of early Mississippian age. We used remote sensing techniques to identify rock types and to collect 3D geometrical data. Mixture tuned matched filtering classification of hyperspectral data show that the outcrop is mostly limestones with interbedded chert nodules. 1315 fractures were classified according to their strata-bounding relationships, among these, larger fractures are dominantly striking in ENE – WSW directions. Fracture extraction data show that chert holds more fractures than limestones, and both vertical and horizontal heterogeneities exist in chert nodule distribution.Utilizing ground-based remote sensing, we have assembled a virtual outcrop model to extract mineral composition as well as fracture data from the model. We inferred anisotropy in vertical fracture permeability based on the dominancy of fracture orientations, the preferential distribution of fractures and distribution of chert nodules. These data are beneficial in reservoir analogs to study rock mechanics and fluid flow, and to improve well performances.