临夏盆地晚更新世沉积物粘土矿物的特征及其古气候指示

利用X射线衍射、扫描电子分析方法,对临夏地区塔湾黄土沉积物的粘土矿物学特征及其古气候指示作用进行了深入研究。结果表明：晚更新世的黄土沉积物风成黄土或经过表生风化改造形成的古土壤,其粘土矿物组成主要为伊利石、绿泥石、伊/蒙混层粘土矿物、高岭石和少量的坡缕石,沉积物中高岭石、伊利石/蒙脱石、伊利石和绿泥石矿物组合,指示物源区经历了气候从湿润变为冷干的转变。沉积物中伊利石结晶度的测量结果显示,其（001）衍射峰的半高宽在0.23°~0.86°之间,不同岩性层中伊利石结晶度存在明显的差别,伊利石结晶度存在着两个明显的峰值区,这表明临夏地区晚更新世的气候变化经历了从湿润→冷干→湿润→冷干的两个周期性的演化,而且晚期与早期相比更加湿润同时又更为冷干。沉积物中既有自生成因的坡缕石,又有碎屑成因的坡缕石。沉积物中自生成因坡缕石和碎屑成因坡缕石均稳定存在的现象表明,本区晚更新世的古气候是以干旱为特征,年均降雨量在300 mm左右。     

焉耆盆地侏罗系油气成藏期次分析

着重用油藏地球化学分析方法探讨了焉耆盆地侏罗系油气藏的成藏时间和期次。油源对比表明八道湾组是主力烃源岩层，三叠系烃源岩对八道湾组原油有一定贡献；油气经短距离的侧向运移后，沿断层通道向上进入三工河组和西山窑组。盆地经历了2次生烃，侏罗纪末期为主要生烃期，第三纪晚期为次要生烃期。储层流体包裹体分布特征、均一温度和组分特征、储层自生伊利石测年和油气成熟度分析都显示了焉耆盆地在侏罗纪中晚期的2次成藏作用，即晚侏罗世以八道湾组低成熟油气的生成、运移和聚集为主的第1期成藏事件和侏罗纪末期以成熟油气的生成、运移和聚集为主的第2期成藏事件，受储层流体包裹体和自生伊利石形成机理的控制，第三纪晚期生烃、成藏事件在流体裹体和储层自生伊利石同位素年代学上均没有记录。侏罗纪末期是主要成藏期，第三纪晚期是调整成藏和定型期。     

Study of the Stacking Sequences of an Irregular Mixed—Layer Illite / Smectite (I / S) Clay Mineral1

Abstract There are two aspects in the study of irregular mixed—layer clay minerals: one is the kinds and ratios of their basic structural unit layers and the other is the junction probabilities of the unit layers. Irregular mixed—layer illite / smectite clay minerals (I / S) are widespread in nature. While studying the clay minerals from the Permian—Triassic (P / T) boundary bed, the authors found that I / S clay minerals are developed in all P / T boundary clay layers in areas from the northwest to southeast of China. Systematic mineralogical studies of the I / S clay minerals from Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Zhejiang were made by means of X—ray, infrared spectroscopic, electron microscopic and chemical analyses and a deepened study of the stacking sequences of their structural unit layers was conducted by the MacEwan one—dimentional direct Fourier transform. It was found that the stacking of the illite and smectite crystal layers along the c axis can be derived from Fibonacci sequences. Hence, the authors propose that such I / S clay minerals are possessed of two—dimentional crystal lattice and one—dimentional quasicrystal lattice.     

Isotopic Ages of the Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt and Their Geotectonic Implications1

Abstract The Penglai Group in the Jiaobei Belt is the only remaining cover of the Archaean to Early Proterozoic crystalline basement in eastern Shandong. The ages of deposition of the Penglai Group and of its deformation and metamorphism have long been a subject of speculation. Whole-rock Rb-Sr ages, illite-whole-rock pair Rb-Sr ages and illite K - Ar ages recently obtained from the Penglai Group slates are reported and interpreted in this paper. On the basis of structural and metamorphic studies coupled with analyses of illite crystallinity, XRD and SEM, a whole-rock age of 473 ± 32 Ma (Ordovician) is interpreted as the time of termination of burial metamorphism experienced by the Penglai Group. Therefore, the age of the Penghai Group is older than Ordovician. The first-phase folding and syntectonic low greenschist facies metamorphism in the Penglai Group, i.e. the Penglai Movement, took place before 299±4 Ma B.P., i.e in the Late Carboniferous. The Penglai Movement that occurred in the Jiaobei Belt on the southern margin of the North China Plate is attributed to collision between the North China and Yangtze plates along the Jiaonan Collision Belt. This demonstrates that the continent-continent collision between the North China and Yangtze plates east of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone took place in the Late Carboniferous. The collision caused N-S compression and deformation in the southern margin belt of the North China Plate north of the Qinling-Dabieshan-Jiaonan Collision Belt.     

中国伊利石粘土矿概述

伊利石粘土具有良好的物化性能,在陶瓷、化肥、造纸及化工等行业及环境保护领域中有广泛的用途,是开发前景广阔的粘土矿物。中国伊利石粘土矿主要分布于浙江、吉林、河南等省,多产于中生代的环太平洋地壳运动较强烈地带,一般与火山活动密切相关,常赋存于流纹质火山碎屑岩夹少量陆相沉积的一套晶屑玻屑凝灰岩、含砾凝灰岩等火山岩组成的地层中,一般呈脉状、似层状、透镜状产出。可划分出热液蚀变型、沉积型和风化型三种成因类型。研究表明,具有工业价值的伊利石粘土矿床形成于中生代晚期与火山岩有关的地层中。     

Causes of the uniformly high crystallinity of graphite in large epigenetic deposits

In low-pressure environments, precipitation of graphite is hindered at low to moderate temperatures by the high solubility of carbon in C-O-H fluids and by kinetic barriers to nucleation. Those low-temperature fluids that do attain saturation tend to precipitate graphite continuously during flow and cooling, thereby producing widely dispersed films of low-crystallinity graphite. In contrast, at high temperatures, particularly when combined with high pressures, the precipitation of graphite is enhanced by decreased solubility of carbon in C-O-H fluids and by improved nucleation under those conditions. The longevity of fluid systems in high-temperature, high-pressure terranes permits efficient, long-term scavenging of dispersed carbon from the crust. The latter may be redistributed in a much more concentrated form as fluids rise, cool and decompress, and as the carbon is finally precipitated as highly crystalline graphite in fracture systems. The combined effects of the thermochemical controls on carbon solubility and the geological controls on fluid generation, movement and P – T  pathways are the reason that large, epigenetic graphite deposits form dominantly at high temperatures and pressures. Those high-temperature, high-pressure conditions, in turn, account for the uniformly high crystallinity of the fluid-deposited graphite.     

伊利石结晶度及其在低温变质研究中若干问题的讨论

文中介绍与伊利石结晶度相关的伊利石矿物新的定名方案;讨论了伊利石结晶度的结晶学基础与Scherrer方程式的关系;讨论了三个重要的伊利石结晶度指数Weaver、K櫣bler和Weber指数的关系,并介绍推导的Weaver、K櫣bler和Weber指数的理论关系式;评价了衍射仪测量条件对结晶度数值的影响和三套伊利石结晶度标样的作用以及成岩带、变质带与葡萄石-绿纤石相、沸石相、绿纤石-阳起石亚相对比的依据。建议(1)停用绢云母一词;(2)建立可供各实验室使用的具有晶体结构和晶体化学参数和多型参数的伊利石结晶度标样;(3)建议多开展规范的可进行国际对比的低温变质研究,划分出与国际上一致的成岩带和近变质带,不仅利于低温变质作用理论的研究,而且由于成岩带到近变质转变带是重要的煤气油的生成带,也利于中国煤气油资源的勘探与开发,利于国民经济的长远持续发展。     

南海粘土矿物组合特征及其环境意义

利用X射线衍射法(XRD)对南海12个海底表层沉积物和20个悬浮物样品中粘土矿物组成和分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)研究区的表层沉积物粘土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为绿泥石、高岭石、伊/蒙间层矿物以及蒙皂石;悬浮物粘土矿物是以绿泥石为主,其次为高岭石、蒙皂石、伊利石以及伊/蒙间层矿物。(2)粘土矿物的组成和分布特征主要受气候条件、物质来源、水动力条件及相互间稀释作用的制约。伊利石的含量随离岸距离和水深的增加呈增大趋势;高岭石则在近岸区特别是河口区富集;绿泥石在西部沿岸海区的含量较低,在东部岛弧和北部台湾岛附近海区的含量较高;蒙皂石与火山作用密切相关,在东部火山岛弧附近海区含量较高。(3)粘土沉积物的来源以河流输入为主,海洋自生和风尘搬运对该区的沉积影响不大。(4)深海悬浮物粘土矿物的组成变化能够很好地指示短尺度气候环境的变迁,伊利石的结晶程度对气候和环境变化反映灵敏,其随所处环境的压力增大而变差。     

平顶山市主要非金属矿产的加工利用

该文论述了平顶山市主要非金属矿产———伊利石矿、高岭石矿、滑石矿的化学成分、矿物成分及工艺性能。依据市场情况,指出了该市上述三种非金属矿的利用方向。     

自生伊利石同位素年代学在钾盐矿床中的应用展望

伊利石是一种层状硅酸盐矿物,层间主要为钾离子,可利用K-Ar法、Ar-Ar法和Rb-Sr法等相关的测年方法来分析和限定与自生伊利石有关的地质事件的时代,例如盆地演化历史、热液活动、构造活动和油气运移。本文讨论了利用钾盐矿床中自生伊利石进行蒸发岩地层年代学研究的可能性。虽然多数研究表明温度是控制自生伊利石形成的主要控制因素,即自生伊利石一般形成于温度较高的条件下,但一些研究表明在地表温度的盐湖环境中也可形成自生伊利石,此种环境下控制自生伊利石形成的主要因素为流体成分。这构成了利用自生伊利石定年来研究蒸发岩地层时代的理论基础。然而在实际研究过程中仍存在很多问题,需进行进一步的研究。