渤海湾水环境系统多级灰关联评价

水环境评价指标体系的构建及水环境质量的综合评价分析是制定水环境保护对策的一个重要环节。文章在介绍了水环境指标因子选择方法的基础上,应用多级灰色关联评估理论及其模型对渤海湾近岸海域水环境质量状况进行了综合评价,并分析了近10a来渤海湾水环境质量变化趋势及导致近岸海域海水富营养化状况的可能原因。     

The evolving agricultural landscape of post-plantation Hawai‘i

Hawai‘i's agricultural landscape was previously dominated by large monocrop plantations of sugar cane and pineapple, but following a sweeping series of plantation closures beginning at the end of the twentieth century, that era has concluded. The last spatial assessment of Hawai‘i's agricultural footprint was completed in 1980, during the active plantation period. Here we present the results of a 2015 statewide assessment of the commercial crop footprint for Hawai‘i, based on World-View 2 satellite imagery and supporting datasets. We analyzed changes relative to the 1980 baseline on both a statewide and regional basis, to better understand how Hawai‘i's agricultural system has evolved in the post-plantation era. Sugar cane and pineapple saw dramatic reductions during this period, collectively losing more acres (257,000) than were planted for all crops combined (152,000) in 2015. Idle plantation lands and past plantation-era investments in irrigation and other infrastructure have created opportunities for other types of agriculture, despite rising land values, new and existing tropical diseases, and other challenges. Seed crops, primarily for genetically modified corn trials, were the second largest crop in 2015 (24,000 acres) despite having no mapped footprint in 1980. Commercial forestry, also absent in 1980, covered 23,000 acres in 2015. Macadamia nut, coffee, and diversified agriculture also all saw significant gains in their footprints, with coffee plantings increasing >250% during this period. Despite these gains, the Hawaiian Islands continue to have an extremely low degree of self-reliance for food production. The Oahu plain, adjacent to the major population center of Honolulu, has the most potential for considerably increasing the production of local produce, but without changes in consumption patterns and significant efforts to protect agricultural land from development, any increases in local food production will continue to be incremental. The post-plantation agricultural landscape in Hawaii is smaller, more diversified, and more nimble than it was in 1980, reflecting inter-island geographic differences in land use, history, and ownership. Mapping and assessing spatial changes in agricultural activity over time can provide valuable insights for decision-makers and communities as they continue to define what agriculture should look like in the post-plantation era. Our results suggest that Hawai‘i's agricultural landscape and overall production capability will continue to contract without substantial changes in policy and practice.     

Simion Mehedinţi's Contribution to Modern Romanian Geography

Armed with a scholarship to find an answer to the question “What is geography?” Simion Mehedin?i's studies took him to continental Europe's three main centers of geographic thought: Paris, Berlin, and Leipzig. We explore how his innovative ideas flourished, especially in Leipzig under Ratzel. The first Romanian geographer, Mehedin?i, must be credited with having defined geography as a science of mutual relationships between geospheres. This thinking reached its pinnacle in two complex books, <i>Terrai> and <i>Ethnos,i> the contents of which we synthetically explore. We also trace the unfavorable historical and geopolitical conditions that led to this pioneering work being little recognized worldwide.     

A comparison of three gravity inversion methods for crustal thickness modelling in Tibet plateau

Crustal thickness can be determined by gravimetric methods based on different assumptions, e.g. by isostatic hypotheses. Here we compare three gravimetric inversion methods to estimate the Moho depth. Two Moho models based on the Vening Meinesz-Moritz hypothesis and one by using Parker-Oldenburg’s algorithm, which are investigated in Tibet plateau. The results are compared with CRUST2.0, and it will be presented that the estimated Moho depths from the Vening Meinesz-Moritz model will be better than the Parker-Oldenburg’s algorithm.     

“以后”和“后来”

对“以后”和“后来”进行详细深入的对比分析。在语义上,“以后”可以表示时间和范围,“后来”只用来表示过去的时间;在句法功能上,方位词“以后”既可以单用也可以作后置成分,而时间名词“后来”常常单用,单用的“以后”和“后来”在同现副词、连词以及句式选择上都有着不同的特点。最后对留学生学习过程中出现的偏误作了简要分析。     

LQC—Ⅱ型三维电阻率采集系统的设计研究

本文设计一种三维并行直流电法勘探系统：LQC—Ⅱ型三维电阻率采集系统,由主机、电测子站和多模式智能电极三部分组成。主机控制电测子站完成16通道、24位数据电性数据的并行采集与传输,每个电测子站控制与之相连的16个电板的同步与状态转换。以1台主机控制16个电测子站和256个智能电极对水池低阻体模型进行电极扫描式测量,获取32640个数据的测量为例,整个测量时间约30分钟。     

An oracle-based data management method for large database in CyberCity GIS

An Oracle8i-based approach is proposed to manage the integrated databases of large CyberCity. This approach consists of three schemes: ? a special R+-tree index is designed to accelerate spatial retrieving, in which the bounding boxes of local regions have no intersection and all leaf nodes of the R+-tree (geometry records) have no repetition; ∪ different data compression algorithms are adopted to compress the digital elevation models, 3D vector models and images, such as LZ77 lossless compression algorithm for compression of vector data and JPEG compression algorithms for texture images; ? in order to communicate with Oracle8i database, a CyberCity GIS spatial database engine (SDE) is designed. On the basis of this SDE prototype a case study is done.     

Locating the Melody of the Drives

Psychoanalysis has profoundly influenced those social theories that inform qualitative methodology in human geography. Yet many geographers are skeptical about the value and viability of psychoanalytic methodology because of its alleged reductionist causal explanations and relativistic interpretations of data. Drawing on the work of Slavoj ?i?ek, which affirms Jacques Lacan's undermining of the dualism of causality versus sense, this article illustrates the potential value of Lacanian psychoanalysis as a qualitative methodology in geography. Using a methodological case study from my research on Jamaican tourism, I illustrate how we can locate a Lacanian understanding of the drives in the interactions between tourists and hotel workers. In so doing, the article provides new insights into the enduring allures of tourism's commodity-form by focusing on how the <i>object petit ai>—a chimerical object that incites desire and an unattainable object that the drives encircle—takes place in customer service and entertainment activities.     

The incidence of plastic ingestion by fishes: From the prey’s perspective

One of the primary threats to ocean ecosystems from plastic pollution is ingestion by marine organisms. Well-documented in seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals, ingestion by fish and sharks has received less attention until recently. We suggest that fishes of a variety of sizes attack drifting plastic with high frequency, as evidenced by the apparent bite marks commonly left behind. We examined 5518 plastic items from random plots on Kamilo Point, Hawai’i Island, and found 15.8% to have obvious signs of attack. Extrapolated to the entire amount of debris removed from the 15 km area, over 1.3 tons of plastic is attacked each year. Items with a bottle shape, or those blue or yellow in color, were attacked with a higher frequency. The triangular edges or punctures left by teeth ranged from 1 to 20 mm in width suggesting a variety of species attack plastic items. More research is needed to document the specific fishes and rates of plastic ingestion.     

LAND–USE CHANGES AND CONSERVATION OF THE HAWAI‘I ‘AMAKIHI

Hawai‘ian honeycreepers have undergone widespread extinction and population declines due to human disturbances, including habitat fragmentation, introduced predatory mammals, alien competitors, and introduced avian diseases. The Hawai‘i ‘amakihi (<i>Hemignathus virensi>) is one of seven extant Hawai‘ian honeycreepers that, like all other native honey‐creepers, vanished from the low‐elevation native forests on the island of Hawai‘i due to these disturbances. But recent observations indicate that ‘amakihi have begun to recolonize low‐elevation forests in eastern Hawai‘i. In this article we discuss the current abundance of Hawai‘ian ‘amakihi in a suburban habitat on the island of Hawai‘i. We also examine the ‘amakihi's relative preference for native or exotic vegetation. Recolonization in low‐elevation habitats underscores the importance of the remaining native forests. However, concurrent with this recolonization, eastern Hawai‘i is undergoing a residential building boom that has resulted in increased deforestation and forest fragmentation. Thus the future of honeycreepers is uncertain, given the widespread environmental changes taking place in eastern Hawai‘i.