用于颗粒土微观力学行为试验的微型三轴试验仪

颗粒土的微观力学行为（如土颗粒的运动与破碎等）决定着其宏观应力-应变行为,如应变局部化、应力硬化等。为研究颗粒土的微观力学行为,开发了一台微型三轴试验装置。它的轴向加载系统由伺服控制的步进转动马达与涡轮传动的减速器组成,围压由GDS压力控制器提供,压力室采用高透光率,高强度的轻质材料制成。借助于X射线显微CT及图像处理分析技术,该装置能实现对干砂土微尺寸试样（直径为8 mm,高度为16 mm）在三轴剪切条件下微观特性的无损检测。采用该三轴试验装置对粒径为0.60～1.18 mm 的LBS（Leighton Buzzard sand）试样在1.5 MPa的围压下进行了试验。结果显示,试验装置测得应力-应变曲线合理,显微CT 图像特征清晰,能够用于颗粒土体微观土力学行为的试验研究。     

基于黏度时变性的桩端压力浆液上返高度模型及工程应用

桩端后压浆浆液上返高度对后压浆桩承载力的计算影响较大。基于幂律型流体的黏度时变性特征,推导了考虑黏度时变性的桩端压力浆液上返的理论计算公式,并给出了参数的确定方法及成层土中浆液上返高度的迭代算法;结合台州湾大桥的接线工程,利用电磁波CT对桩基后压浆的加固效果进行了探测分析。结果表明,采用浆液沿压浆管道阻力损失的拟合值并考虑黏度时变性得到的浆液上返高度的计算结果与实测结果基本吻合且偏于安全,而忽略黏度时变性得到的计算结果偏大,会对后压浆桩的承载力设计造成不利影响。此外,电磁波CT能观测到桩体、水泥浆加固体及土体的分布情况,且能推测出水泥浆液在桩端的扩散范围和沿桩身的上返高度,可用于评价后压浆桩的压浆效果。研究成果可为后压浆桩的设计和效果检测提供参考和指导。     

A study on one-dimensional consolidation of layered structured aquitard soils in a leakage system

Analytical solutions expressed using the hydraulic head for the one-dimensional consolidation of layered structured aquitard soils in a leakage system are deduced by transforming the n-layered structured soils into n + i (i = 1,2,…, n)-layered soils with gradually changing thicknesses, therein considering the behaviors of structured aquitard soils. The solutions are given in the case of instantaneous and linear decreasing confined aquifer water levels. By comparing three different examples, the effects of the structured behaviors on the consolidation characteristics are analyzed for the instantaneous decline of the confined aquifer water level.     

Deltaic soil behavior classification using CPTu records—Proposed approach and applied to fifty-four case histories

For the past four decades, the CPT has played a key role in onshore and offshore soil investigations. One of the main applications of cone penetration test (CPT) is the soil behavioral classification. Most of the developed methods for soil identification using CPT and CPTu (piezocone) data are well categorized for common soils, such as clays, silts, and sands. Soils with low resistance or more compressibility generally involve problems in geotechnical engineering practice and construction projects. Consequently, these unusual deposits require further evaluation and more detailed data. Five major groups of problematic soils including: liquefiable, sensitive, peaty, collapsible, and expansive soils have been considered in this study. One hundred and forty CPT and CPTu test records were collected from fifteen countries. Sixty-one of the records are related to difficult soils. A brief comparison is performed for currently used soil behavioral classification charts, such as by Campanella et al. (1985 Campanella, R. G., P. K. Robertson, D. Gillespie, and J. Greig. 1985. Recent developments in in-situ testing of soils. Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ICSMFE, San Francisco, Vol. 2, 849–54. [Google Scholar]), Robertson (1990 Robertson, P. K. 1990. Soil classification using the cone penetration test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27 (1):151–58. doi:10.1139/t90–014[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), Jefferies and Davies (1991 Jefferies, M. G., and M. P. Davies. 1991. Soil classification using the cone penetration test: Discussion. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28 (1):173–76. doi:10.1139/t91–023[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Eslami and Fellenius (1997 Eslami, A., and B. H. Fellenius. 1997. Pile capacity by direct CPT and CPTu methods applied to 102 case histories. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 34 (6):886–904. doi:10.1139/cgj-34–6-886[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Analysis based on CPT data indicates that a few commonly used charts recognize relatively well problematic deposits. However, further studies are needed to increase the accuracy and capability of methods. Existing charts have some problems due to the limitations of the nature of rectangular charts based on two axes. A new format of classification chart, i.e., triangular form containing cone tip resistance (q_c), sleeve friction (f_s), and pore pressure (u₂) is proposed for soil identification which can be realized in practice. The proposed chart with more accuracy and less scattering of data than the previous charts is able to identify soil types particularly for deltaic soils.     

Experimental study on the bidirectional inelastic deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers for seismic isolated buildings

Hysteretic dampers are used to dissipate earthquake‐induced energy in base‐isolated structures by acquiring inelastic deformations, rendering their hysteretic behavior of vital importance. The present paper focuses on investigating the behavior of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading; this is significantly different from their corresponding uniaxial behavior. Two main sets of loading tests on full‐scale specimens are conducted in this regard: (i) quasi‐static tests with simple histories and (ii) dynamic tests with realistic loading histories. Based on the results obtained in the quasi‐static tests, an interaction curve that accounts for the reduction of the cyclic deformation capacity is proposed. However, the fidelity of this relation must be assessed under loading conditions similar to those of a seismically isolated structure subjected to an earthquake, which represents the goal of the second set of tests. The results of the dynamic tests validate the proposed interaction curve for estimating the deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Process‐based modeling of kilometer‐scale alongshore sandbar variability

Subtidal nearshore sandbars may exhibit cyclic net offshore migration during their multi‐annual lifetime along many sandy coasts. Although this type of behavior can extend continuously for several kilometers, alongshore variations in cross‐shore bar position and bar amplitude are commonly observed. Alongshore variability is greatest when bars display km‐scale disruptions, indicative of a distinct alongshore phase shift in the bar cycle. An outer bar is then attached to an inner bar, forming a phenomenon known as a bar switch. Here, we investigate such large‐scale alongshore variability using a process‐based numerical profile model and observations at 24 transects along a 6 km section of the barred beach at Noordwijk, The Netherlands. When alongshore variability is limited, the model predicts that the bars migrate offshore at approximately the same rate (i.e. the bars remain in phase). Only under specific bar configurations with high wave‐energy levels is an increase in the alongshore variability predicted. This suggests that cross‐shore processes may trigger a switch in the case of specific antecedent morphological configurations combined with storm conditions. It is expected that three‐dimensional (3D) flow patterns augment the alongshore variability in such instances. In contrast to the observed bar behaviour, predicted bar morphologies on either side of a switch remain in different phases, even though the bars are occasionally located at a similar cross‐shore position. In short, the 1D model is not able to remove a bar switch. This data‐model mismatch suggests that 3D flow patterns are key to the dissipation of bar switches. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于社会感知计算的游客时空行为研究

在情景感知、大数据、移动互联网和物联网发展的大背景下,迎合社会感知计算发展的趋势,探讨旅游社会感知计算内涵及其应用。在分析了现实地理世界、游客行为研究和社会感知计算之间关系的基础上,探讨旅游管理、传感器、游客活动和推理机的相互作用,构建了四位一体的游客行为社会感知计算概念模型。同时以西安国内游客为例,在新浪微博数据的支持和旅游社会感知计算框架下,探讨西安国内游客的时空共现和旅游流空间转移,探明了游客之间的相互关系和旅游空间行为及旅游流空间网络特征,为游客行为研究提供了思路和借鉴。同时在目前社会感知计算研究进展的基础上,展望了旅游社会感知计算未来的发展方向。     

南京市城市老年人出行行为的影响因素

老年人在人口比例和绝对数量上的快速增长将对整个社会产生一系列影响,其中交通出行是非常重要的一个方面。本文基于2012年南京居民出行调查数据,发现相对于年轻人,老年人的日出行次数增加,但日出行时间和日出行距离都减少,说明老年人单次出行距离较短,且主要围绕“家”形成圆形的活动空间;从出行方式构成来看,老年人以步行和公交车为主,出行目的以娱乐、休闲和购物为主。运用次序Logit及线性回归模型,在确定老年人及其家庭的基本社会经济属性之后,发现城市建成环境对老年人的出行有显著影响。其中,城市人口密度会显著增加老年人的日出行次数,但其日出行距离反而有所减少;居住在原单位小区的老人日出行次数比居住于商品房的老人多,且出行距离也较短;说明混合用地以及紧凑的发展模式有利于促进老年人的出行。距离交通基础设施越近,老年人的出行越活跃。大型购物中心对老年人的购物出行没有显著影响,老年人更倾向于在街头小店购买物品。而小区周边体育馆、博物馆等设施对老年人的吸引力则不如棋牌室和公园广场。研究结果对老年人健康生活和科学合理布局城市设施具有一定的指导意义。     

土工格栅加筋膨胀土拉拔试验研究

土工格栅加筋技术对膨胀土地质灾害的防治具有特殊效果,但目前对土工格栅与膨胀土界面特性的研究不足。采用南水北调中线工程新乡段的膨胀性泥灰岩风化土作填料,塑料单向拉伸土工格栅作为加筋体,在叠环式剪切试验机上通过施加不同的竖向荷载对其界面特性进行了拉拔试验研究。研究结果表明,土工格栅在膨胀土中的拔出过程主要经过3个阶段,分别是界面静摩擦力阶段、渐进剪切阶段和整体运动阶段,各阶段受力特性有明显差异;随着法向应力的增大,静摩擦力在界面抗剪强度比值呈对数级增大,从50 kPa时0.20增大至400 kPa时0.57,极限值可达到0.75;对挡土墙、高边坡等加筋设计中应考虑最大静摩擦力所占比重,在格栅的不同竖向高度处所受垂直应力不同,分段设计更加合理。     

Learning of pore pressure response and dynamic soil behavior from downhole array measurements

Downhole arrays are deployed to measure motions at the ground surface and within the soil profile, with some arrays instrumented to also record the pore pressure response within soft soil profiles during excitation. The measurements from these arrays have typically been used in conjunction with parametric and nonparametric inverse analysis approaches to identify soil constitutive model parameters for use in site response analysis or to identify averaged soil behavior between locations of measurement. The self-learning simulations (SelfSim) inverse analysis framework, previously developed and applied under total stress conditions, is extended to effective stress considerations and is employed to reproduce the measured motions and pore pressures from downhole arrays while extracting the underlying soil behavior and pore pressure response of individual soil layers. SelfSim is applied to the 1987 recordings from the Imperial Valley Wildlife Liquefaction Array. The extracted soil behavior suggests a new functional form for modeling the degradation of the shear modulus with respect to excess pore pressures. The extracted pore pressure response is dependent on the number and amplitude of shear strain cycles and has a functional form similar to current strain-based pore pressure generation models.