青藏高原北部新生代湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及古环境意义

对青藏高原北部地区新生代陆相地层中湖相碳酸盐岩进行了系统采样分析，以碳氧同位素作为古环境和古气候变化的替代指标,试图从古湖泊演化的角度，阐明高原新生代早期环境演变历史和过程。研究结果表明，该区所有分析样品中生物碎屑灰岩类样品的δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C显示最低值，反映它们沉积在一个水体滞留时间短的开放性淡水湖泊系统中。泥晶灰岩类样品的δ¹⁸O和δ¹³C之间具有正相关关系，表明它们发育在蒸发作用明显的封闭性咸水湖泊体系中，而叠层石灰岩类明显富集13C可能与微生物活动有关。从始新世到渐新世至中新世，湖相碳酸盐岩δ¹⁸O值具有逐渐增大的趋势，δ¹³C则由古近纪的负值变为新近纪的正值，反映该区古湖泊系统经历了一个由开放到封闭的过程，预示古近纪到新近纪之交高原古气候格局发生了重大变革。     

东营凹陷沙河街组湖相碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素组分及其古湖泊学意义

湖相碳酸盐岩的碳、氧稳定同位素分析能提供重要的环境信息。山东东营凹陷沙河街组湖相碳酸盐岩主要分布在沙一段和沙四段。对47个碳酸盐岩样品碳、氧同位素组分的分析表明:沙一段、沙四中和沙四上亚段下部沉积时期东营湖均是程度不同的封闭型湖泊。古盐度和蒸发／降雨:沙四中亚段和沙四上亚段下部沉积时期＞沙一段沉积时期＞沙四上亚段上部沉积时期;古湖水面:沙四上亚段上部沉积时期＞沙一段沉积时期＞沙四中亚段和沙四上亚段下部沉积时期;古生产力:沙一段沉积时期＞沙四上亚段上部沉积时期＞沙四中亚段和沙四上亚段下部沉积时期。     

氢氧化物族矿物的氧同位素分馏

应用增量方法计算了氢氧化物族矿物的氧同位素分馏,得到常见氢氧化物的18O富集顺序为：褐铁矿＞三水铝石＞针铁矿＞水镁石＞硬水铝石。氢氧化物与其对应的氧化物相比显著地富集18O。三价阳离子的氢氧化物和氧化物的18O富集顺序为：M（OH）3＞MO（OH）＞M2O3。Al（OH）3同质多象变体之间也存在一定的分馏。对于石英-氢氧化物、方解石-氢氧化物和氢氧化物-水体系,本文计算提供了在0-1200℃温度范围内三组内部一致的分馏系数方程。这些理论校准与合成实验结果和／或地表温度下的天然样品相吻合,特别针铁矿、勃姆石和硬水铝石与水之间的氧同位素分馏关系能够满足地质测温的要求。因此,对氢氧化物-水体系的氧同位素分析可望提供表生环境下可靠的地质温度计。     

Applications of interannual-resolution stable isotope records of speleothem: Climatic changes in Beijing and Tianjin, China during the past 500 years—the δ 18O record

δ¹⁸O of a stalagmite collected from Shihua Cave, 50 km southwest of Beijing is analyzed. The uppermost 2 cm was sampled at about 3-year intervals by a computer-controlled microsampling device. A total of 133 samples were analyzed, covering the last 480 years. A comparison of the δ¹⁸O record with the instrumentally recorded precipitation in Beijing and Tianjin back to 1840 AD shows that high precipitation correlates with negative δ¹⁸O peaks. The long-term δ¹⁸O trend records temperature changes. Between 1620 and 1900 AD, the temperature was cooler than the average value for the 480-year record, corresponding to the Little Ice Age. Temperatures warmer than the average prevailed during 1520–1620 and 1900—present. Superimposed on the long-term trend are about 14 δ¹⁸O cycles of 30–40-year periodicity, with wet periods centered around 1985, 1955, 1910, 1880, 1840, 1800, 1760, 1730, 1690, 1660, 1630, 1600, 1560 and 1530 AD. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 9615875).     

Oxygen isotope fractionation in mantle minerals

The increment method is adopted to calculate oxygen isotope fractionation factors for mantle minerals, particularly for the polymorphic phases of MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄. The results predict the following sequence of¹⁸O-enrichment:pyroxene (Mg, Fe, Ca)₂Si₂O₆>olivine (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ > spinel (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄> ilmenite (Mg, Fe, Ca) SiO₃>perovskite (Mg, Fe, Ca) SiO₃. The calculated fractionations for the calcite-perovskite (CaTiO₃) System are in excellent agreement with the experimental calibrations. If there would be complete isotopic equilibration in the mantle, the spinel-structured silicates in the transition zone are predicted to be enriched in¹⁸O relative to the perovskite-structured silicates in the lower mantle but depleted in¹⁸O relative to olivines and pyroxenes in the upper mantle. The oxygen isotope layering of the mantle might result from differences in the chemical composition and crystal structure of mineral phases at different mantle depths. Assuming isotopic equilibrium on a whole earth scale, the chemical structure of the Earth’s interior can be described by the following sequence of¹⁸O-enrichment:upper crust>lower crust>upper mantle>transition zone>lower mantle>core. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Speleothems as high-resolution paleoenvironment archives: Records from northeastern China

The isotopic compositions of oxygen and carbon and trace concentrations of magnesium and strontium in speleothems formed in limestone caves respond to climate changes outside the caves. Measurements of these properties on a stalagmite from Shihua Cave near Beijing, China, allowed reconstruction of the regional changes in precipitation, temperature and nature of vegetation. Over the last ∼ 500 years, there were fourteen precipitation cycles with a periodicity of 30–40 years, which may well reflect fluctuations in the strength of the East Asian summer monsoons reaching northeastern China. Relative to the mean temperature of this time interval, the period 1620–1900 AD was cold and periods 1520–1620 and 1900–1994 were warm. Over the last ∼ 3000-years, about eight wet/cool-dry/warm climatic cycles of 300–400 years duration occurred, the latest wet/cool half cycle corresponding to the Little Ice Age. The δ¹³C record registers the anthropogenic activities of fossil fuel CO₂ combustion in recent decades and regional deforestation between 13 and 16 centuries when Beijing was bustling with palatial constructions and being developed into the world’s most populated city.     

新疆玛纳斯湖沉积物氧同位素记录的古气候信息探讨──与青海湖和色林错比较

内陆封闭湖泊自生碳酸盐氧同位素组成与大气降水同位素组成、空气相对湿度和地面气温这三个参数相关。我国季风带的青海湖与色林错的δ~(18)O曲线非常相似,说明古气候变化受相同因素驱动。在10500～9500aB．P．的末次冰期向全新世的过渡期,这两个湖泊的δ~(18)O值大幅度下降,这是夏季风雨水的低δ~(18)O值的缘故。属于西风带的玛纳斯湖和季风带的青海湖的δ~(18)O曲线基本上是对称的。大约9500～4000aB．P,图形由对称转变为相似,据此推论当时夏季风的影响范围可能达到新疆北部。     

A calculation of the possible depletion of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons using a two-dimensional model

Results are presented from a two-dimensional, time-dependent model of the atmosphere which has been used to investigate perturbations to the ozone layer due to chlorofluorocarbons. The unperturbed stratosphere is modelled well with the observed features of the ozone distribution reproduced. The main features of the perturbation calculations are the large latitudinal and seasonal variations found in the modelled ozone reductions with greates reductions where the total ozone amounts are largest. The importance of at least a two-dimensional study in problems of this kind is stressed and the important role of dynamical and radiative processes, as well as chemical, is indicated.     

A Study of Ozone Laminae Using Diabatic Trajectories, Contour Advection and Photochemical Trajectory Model Simulations.

In this paper, we show that the rate of ozone loss in both polar and mid-latitudes, derived from ozonesonde and satellite data, has almost the same vertical distribution (although opposite sense) to that of ozone laminae abundance. Ozone laminae appear in the lower stratosphere soon after the polar vortex is established in autumn, increase in number throughout the winter and reach a maximum abundance in late winter or spring. We indicate a possible coupling between mid-winter, sudden stratospheric warmings (when the vortex is weakened or disrupted) and the abundance of ozone laminae using a 23-year record of ozonesonde data from the World Ozone Data Center in Canada combined with monthly-mean January polar temperatures at 30 hPa.Results are presented from an experiment conducted during the winter of 1994/95, in phase II of the Second European Stratospheric And Mid-latitude Experiment (SESAME), in which 93 ozone-enhanced laminae of polar origin observed by ozonesondes at different time and locations are linked by diabatic trajectories, enabling them to be probed twice or more. It is shown that, in general, ozone concentrations inside laminae fall progressively with time, mixing irreversibly with mid-latitude air on time-scales of a few weeks. A particular set of laminae which advected across Europe during mid February 1995 are examined in detail. These laminae were observed almost simultaneously at seven ozonesonde stations, providing information on their spatial scales. The development of these laminae has been modelled using the Contour Advection algorithm of Norton (1994), adding support to the concept that many laminae are extrusions of vortex air. Finally, a photochemical trajectory model is used to show that, if the air in the laminae is chemically activated, it will impact on mid-latitude ozone concentrations. An estimate is made of the potential number of ozone molecules lost each winter via this mechanism.     

Thermal influence of urban groundwater recharge from stormwater infiltration basins

Groundwater warming below cities has become a major environmental issue; but the effect of distinct local anthropogenic sources of heat on urban groundwater temperature distributions is still poorly documented. Our study addressed the local effect of stormwater infiltration on the thermal regime of urban groundwater by examining differences in water temperature beneath stormwater infiltration basins (SIB) and reference sites fed exclusively by direct infiltration of rainwater at the land surface. Stormwater infiltration dramatically increased the thermal amplitude of groundwater at event and season scales. Temperature variation at the scale of rainfall events reached 3 °C and was controlled by the interaction between runoff amount and difference in temperature between stormwater and groundwater. The annual amplitude of groundwater temperature was on average nine times higher below SIB (range: 0·9–8·6 °C) than at reference sites (range: 0–1·2 °C) and increased with catchment area of SIB. Elevated summer temperature of infiltrating stormwater (up to 21 °C) decreased oxygen solubility and stimulated microbial respiration in the soil and vadose zone, thereby lowering dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in groundwater. The net effect of infiltration on average groundwater temperature depended upon the seasonal distribution of rainfall: groundwater below large SIB warmed up (+0·4 °C) when rainfall occurred predominantly during warm seasons. The thermal effect of stormwater infiltration strongly attenuated with increasing depth below the groundwater table indicating advective heat transport was restricted to the uppermost layers of groundwater. Moreover, excessive groundwater temperature variation at event and season scales can be attenuated by reducing the size of catchment areas drained by SIB and by promoting source control drainage systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.