Flux and dispersion of gases from the “Drachenschlund” hydrothermal vent at 8°18' S, 13°30' W on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Hydrothermal emission of mantle helium appears to be directly related to magma production rate, but other processes can generate methane and hydrogen on mid-ocean ridges. In an on-going effort to characterize these processes in the South Atlantic, the flux and distribution of these gases were investigated in the vicinity of a powerful black smoker recently discovered at 8°17.9' S, 13°30.4' W. The vent lies on the shoulder of an oblique offset in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and discharges high concentrations of methane and hydrogen. Measurements during expeditions in 2004 and 2006 show that the ratio of CH₄ to ³He in the neutrally buoyant plume is quite high, 4 × 10⁸. The CTD stations were accompanied by velocity measurements with lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCP), and from these data we estimate the methane transport to have been 0.5 mol s^− 1 in a WSW-trending plume that seems to develop during the ebb tidal phase. This transport is an order of magnitude greater than the source of CH₄ calculated from its concentration in the vent fluid and the rise height of the plume. From this range of methane fluxes, the source of ³He is estimated to be between 0.14 and 1.2 nmol s^− 1. In either case, the ³He source is significantly lower than expected from the spreading rate of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. From the inventory of methane in the rift valley adjacent to the vent, it appears that the average specific rate of oxidation is 2.6 to 23 yr^− 1, corresponding to a turnover time between 140 and 16 days. Vertical profiles of methane in the surrounding region often exhibited Gaussian-like distributions, and the variances appear to increase with distance from the vent. Using a Gaussian plume model, we obtained a range of vertical eddy diffusivities between 0.009 and 0.08 m²m² s^− 1. These high values may be due to tidally driven internal waves across the promontory on which the vent is located.     

吉林省大横路铜、钴矿床地质特征及控矿因素

大横路地区出露地层主要为元古界老岭群大栗子组和珍珠门组的低绿片岩相 -高绿片岩相到低角闪岩相的变质岩系 ,北部有少量英云闪长岩 -奥长花岗岩和表壳岩残块。侵入岩主要以燕山期基性 -中基性为主。铜钴矿床产于含碳绢云千枚岩中 ,矿体长 36 0～ 140 0m ,宽 95～ 80 0m ,厚 3～ 10 8.7m ,呈层状、似层状、分枝状 ,矿石以浸染状为主 ,次为脉状、网脉状。矿床属多期多成因类型 ,主要受大栗子组地层、北东向断裂构造和变质作用控制 ,并有岩浆热液的叠加。     

凤太矿田层控铅锌(铜)矿床的成矿物质来源探讨

秦岭凤太矿田层控铅锌(铜)矿床的金属物质、硫和成矿溶液主要来自深部基底的岩石,属海底喷流—沉积成因矿床。从这一理论认识出发可进一步分析控矿地质条件及今后在该区有效地寻找同类矿床。     

广东三坑地热田形成条件及开发潜力分析

广东三坑地热田位于吴川－四会深大断裂带的东北侧,三坑向斜岩溶盆地内。地下热水主要赋存于ＮＥ与ＮＷ向断裂构造及其交汇部位的岩溶裂隙发育带中。根据地热地质条件及水热对流系统分析,地下热水是在水热对流系统中由深循环高温构造裂隙水与浅循环８常温岩溶水混合而成。三坑地热田热水资源具有水温适中、水量丰富、水质良好、动态稳定等特点。开发潜力很大。     

四川盆地东部中二叠统茅口组热液活动特征

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组存在丰富的热液流体活动。在野外剖面和岩心观察的基础上,利用多种分析测试方法,对四川盆地东部茅口组碳酸盐岩中的热液活动特征进行了探讨。研究区茅口组热液活动包括2类,一类为硅质热液,表现为薄层硅质岩或硅质团块;另一类为碳酸盐型热液,表现为粗晶方解石和白云石充填在张性构造裂缝中或呈"雪片状"集合体,偶见少量黄铁矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物伴生。硅质岩主量元素之间的关系表明硅质来源具有多样性,是热液硅与壳源硅的混合;黄铁矿、闪锌矿原位S同位素δ34S介于-3.91‰~-6.87‰之间,推测可能受到了微生物和基性岩浆岩的双重影响;方解石脉和具鞍状双晶的白云石脉普遍具有Ca O高于标准计量、相对富Sr和U、贫REE和Ti、Ce/Ce*明显负异常、Eu/Eu*主体正异常、Y正异常等特征,表明碳酸盐脉为热液活动的产物,流体来源也呈现出火山活动相关流体与富钙地下水混合的特点。闪锌矿富集Ge和Cd,Zn/Cd及Zn/Fe值反映了中等成矿温度。硅质岩和碳酸盐流体包裹体均一温度变化范围较大,介于54.7~294.3℃之间,与稀土元素和微量元素比值所揭示的特征吻合。研究结果表明,穿层状硅质结核和团块的首次出现往往标志着茅口组热液活动的开始,而张性构造裂缝和碳酸盐型热液活动带来的围岩白云化作用则有效地改善了白云岩储集层的物性。     

可可西里盆地东部五道梁群热水湖相成因新认识

五道梁地区位于青藏高原北部可可西里盆地东部,其中新世发育一系列古湖泊,保存有大套碳酸盐沉积。本文通过对五道梁北山含叠层石剖面和南部剖面进行矿物学、元素地球化学研究,发现叠层石剖面主要矿物为方解石和少量石英,而南侧剖面则含有铁白云石、方解石、石英和钠长石。铁白云石和钠长石次生加大边的发现说明该区曾受热水活动的影响。元素分析结果也显示As、Sb、Ba、Fe等热水沉积标志元素含量较高,且Ni/Co、Mn/Sr、V/Cr、V/Sc等比值也较高;加之稀土元素配分模式和碳氧同位素特征均表明该地区为热水湖相沉积。另外叠层藻的出现也反映当时湖水温度至少为20~30℃。综合各种分析结果说明五道梁群为热水湖相成因,该区中新世发育有大量火山岩,因此可作为下一步寻找火山沉积型硼矿床重要线索。     

Elemental geochemical records of seafloor hydrothermal activities in the sediments from the Okinawa Trough

The major and minor element contents in the sediment core H9 from the hydrothermal fields of the Okinawa Trough show a sharp change at the depth of 80 cm. The elements enriched in the upper 80 cm core are those enriched in the hydrothermal deposits and in the surface sediments recovered from the hydrothermal fields in the trough, which indicates the input of hydrothermal materials. Comparing with other hydrothermal sediments from Mid-ocean Ridges or the Lau Basin, the degree of the enrichment of elements iron, copper,cobalt, and nickel is relatively low. However, the enrichment of elements manganese, lead, arsenic, antimony and mercury is remarkable. The average contents of these elements in the upper 80 cm core sediments are three to six times those in the lower section, and 3~12 times those in the surface sediments which are not influenced by hydrothermal activities. Hydrothermal activities have contributed significant manganese, lead, arsenic, antimony and mercury to the sediments, and these elements are distinct indicators for the hydrothermal activity in the Okinawa Trough. The significant enrichment of these elements in Core H9 upward from the depth 80 cm indicates the start or the significant enhancing of the hydrothermal activity in this area at about 5 740 aB.P. The average accumulation rate of manganese during this period is about 40 461 μg/(cm2·ka), which is similar to the hydrothermal sediments in the Lau Basin or the East Pacific Rise.     

A mineral equilibria study of the hydrothermal alteration in mafic greenschist facies rocks at Kalgoorlie, Western Australia

The influx of a H₂O–CO₂‐dominated fluid into actinolite‐bearing metabasic rocks during greenschist facies metamorphism in the Kalgoorlie area of Western Australia resulted in a zoned alteration halo around inferred fluid conduits that contain gold mineralisation. The alteration halo is divided into two outer zones, the chlorite zone and the carbonate zone, and an inner pyrite zone adjacent to the inferred fluid conduits. Reaction between the fluid and the protolith resulted in the breakdown of actinolite and the development of chlorite, dolomite, calcite and siderite. In addition, rocks in the pyrite zone developed muscovite‐bearing assemblages as a consequence of the introduction of potassium by the fluid. Mineral equilibria calculations undertaken using the computer software thermocalc in the model system Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–CO₂ show that mineral assemblages in the outer zones of the alteration halo are consistent with equilibrium of the protoliths with a fluid of composition X_CO2 = CO₂/(CO₂ + H₂O) = 0.1–0.25 for temperatures of 315–320 °C. The inner zone of the alteration halo reflect equilibrium with a fluid of composition X_CO2≈ 0.25. Fluid‐rock buffering calculations show that the alteration halo is consistent with interaction with a single fluid composition and that the zoned structure of the halo reflects the volume of this fluid with which the rocks reacted. This fluid is likely to have also been the one responsible for the gold mineralisation at Kalgoorlie.     

云南白秧坪矿化集中区矿石矿物特征及银、钴赋存状态的初步研究

云南白秧坪地区是以银、钴多金属矿化为特色的矿集区，成矿作用与兰坪盆地两侧的推覆构造系统密切相关，发育一套复杂的中低温热液矿物组合，出现了铜、钴、镍、铋等亲地幔元素的硫化物(硫钴镍矿、硫铋铜矿)，显示地幔深源物质可能参与了成矿作用。银、钴赋存状态的初步研究表明载银矿物主要为汞银矿、辉银矿、银黝铜矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿及砷、锑、铅硫盐矿物等，载钴矿物主要为硫钴镍矿、辉砷钴矿、含钴毒砂等硫化物。