Stream response to precipitation variability: a spectral view based on analysis and modelling of hydrological cycle components

Hydrological processes commonly exhibit long‐term persistence, also known as the ‘Hurst phenomenon’. Here, we examine long‐term precipitation and streamflow time series from the Elbe River Basin to quantify differences in the spectral properties and in the Hurst parameter estimates () of the individual hydrological cycle components. Precipitation‐runoff modelling is performed for the Elbe River sub‐catchment Striegis using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). For 38 daily 50 years long streamflow time series from the Elbe River Basin, baseflow separation and spectral analysis is performed. The results show a spectral shift towards low‐frequency scales (>2 years) from precipitation to baseflow, with a parallel increase of from 0.52 (precipitation) to 0.65 (baseflow). The SWAT model is able to reproduce both, the main low‐frequency mode (≈7 yr.) and the (0.62) of the observed Striegis River flow time series. The baseflow appears to be the main component which shapes the low‐frequency response and of streamflow in the Elbe River Basin to the input precipitation. This conclusion is further confirmed through PMWIN‐MODFLOW groundwater modelling of a hypothetic phreatic stream‐connected aquifer system that consists of various soils (sand, loamy sand and silt). A power shift towards lower frequencies and an increase of for the hydraulic heads is obtained, as the aquifer's lateral dimensions increase and its hydraulic conductivity decreases. The average of the groundwater heads is 0.80, 0.90 and 1.0 for sand, loamy sand and silt aquifers, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of hydropower potential using spatial technology and SWAT modelling in the Mat River,southern Mizoram,India

Abstract

In this study, a hydrological model and spatial technologies have been employed to assess water availability in the Mat River basin, southern Mizoram, India. Furthermore, the results obtained from the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, satellite data and GIS tools were utilized to identify the hydropower potential in the basin. Thirty three sites with hydropower potential were identified within 147 km² of the Mat River basin. A total of 3039, 1127 and 805 kW can be harnessed with 50, 75 and 90% dependability, respectively. The study revealed that the hydropower potential of a river basin can be correctly assessed by employing a digital elevation model, stream network data and a hydrological model, such as the SWAT model, within a GIS framework.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis     

荒漠人工固沙植被区土壤结皮斥水性发展特征

土壤结皮深刻影响绿洲边缘固沙植被区的土壤水文过程。土壤结皮斥水性是量化上述影响的潜在指标。采用滴水穿透时间（WDPT）法,研究了河西走廊荒漠边缘不同建植年限梭梭植被区固定沙丘土壤结皮斥水性的时间演变规律及影响因素。结果表明：建植20 a后,丘顶与丘间地土壤结皮出现显著斥水性（WDPT>5 s）,而丘坡土壤结皮无斥水性（WDPT<5 s）。丘顶土壤结皮斥水性与总有机碳、微生物量碳、有机碳C-H组分以及电导率显著相关（P<0.01）;而丘间地土壤结皮斥水性与黏、粉粒含量显著相关（P<0.01）。植被形成的“碳岛”及“盐岛”效应是丘顶土壤结皮斥水性形成的主要原因,而黏、粉粒在土壤表层的积聚是丘间地土壤结皮斥水性形成的主要原因。     

我国水文循环与地表水研究进展(1998-2001年)

根据1998-2001年我国公开出版发行的30余种与水有关的科技期刊刊登的关于水科学研究的论文,同时参考了近4年来国家重大攻关项目和自然科学基金项目的研究报告。综述了近4年来我国在水文循环与地表水研究方面取得的主要成果和进展。     

武威药王泉地热田水文地质条件及水化学特征

武威药王泉地热田含水层为加里东晚期花岗岩 ,水量丰富 ,单井出水量 738～ 96 7m3 /d。钻孔孔深 80m处温度为 59 0℃ ,井水抽出孔口温度为 54 5～ 56 0℃。地温梯度为 8 5℃ / 10 0m。热储埋藏深度为 2 4 50～ 3180m。水质类型为Cl--SO42 --Na+型。热矿水含多种对人体有益元素 ,具有极高的医疗价值。     

Structures tectoniques et contraintes de cheminement des eaux dans les aquifères karstiques du barrois (Lorraine/Champagne,France)

Résumé

Entre Lorraine et Champagne, dans l’est du Bassin parisien, au contact des calcaires portlandiens du Barrois et des sables et argiles crétacés du Perthois, se développe un karst couvert. Le paysage de côtes est ici perturbé par une tectonique souple (synclinal de Treveray) et cassante (fossé d’effon-drement de la Marne) déterminant l’organisation spatiale des écoulements. En période d’étiage, les méthodes hydrologiques (profils hydrologiques lissés, traçages), permettent de montrer l’influence de cette tectonique d’ondulation et de basculement sur l’écoulement des rivières barroises (Saulx, Marne). Fractures et microfractures influencent la zone de transit vertical des eaux du karst (zone des puits) tandis que les failles compartimentent les aquifères (système du Rupt-du-Puits, 21 km de conduits, 13 km²). Les méthodes d’études hydrologiques, confirment le basculement de la région vers l’ouest déduit des comparaisons de nivellement. © Elsevier, Paris     

基于T型模板匹配半自动提取高分辨率遥感影像带状道路

通过分析高分辨率光学遥感影像上的道路特征,提出了适用于有较多车辆遮蔽和两侧行树阴影干扰的T型模板匹配的道路提取算子。它融合了剖面匹配和模板匹配的优势,使用角度纹理特征进行初始道路点的精确定位,道路宽度、道路前进方向的精确量算,使用灰度最小二乘匹配进行最佳道路点的定位,可以很好地追踪高分辨率光学遥感影像上受车辆遮蔽和行树阴影等噪声干扰的带状道路。     

Groundwater resources development in hard rock terrain - an approach using remote sensing and GIS techniques

To demonstrate the capabilities of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for groundwater resources development in hard rock terrains, specifically for the demarcation of suitable sites for artificial recharge of groundwater aquifers, a study was carried out in the Kallar Basin, which is located in parts of the Salem and Tiruchirapalli districts, Tamil Nadu, India. Thematic maps defining lithology, lineaments, landforms, landuse, drainage density, thickness of weathered zone, thickness of fractured zone, hydrological soils, and well yield were prepared from data collected by the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) -1C and by conventional methods. All the thematic layers were integrated using a GIS-based model developed specifically for this purpose, enabling a map showing artificial recharge zones to be generated. The exact type of artificial recharge structure, eg, check dam, nallabund, gully plugging and percolation pond, suitable for replenishing groundwater was identified by superposing a drainage network map over an artificial recharge zones map. The GIS-based demarcation of artificial zones developed in the study was based on logical conditions and reasoning, so that the same techniques (with appropriate modifications) could be adopted elsewhere, especially in hard rock terrain, where the occurrence of groundwater is restricted and subject to greater complexity.     

Assessment of the impact of spatio‐temporal attributes of wetlands on stream flows using a hydrological modelling framework: a theoretical case study of a watershed under temperate climatic conditions

Wetlands play a significant role on the hydrological cycle, reducing flood peaks through water storage functions and sustaining low flows through slow water release ability. However, their impacts on water resources availability and flood control are mainly driven by wetland type (e.g. isolated wetland—IW—and riparian wetland—RW) and location within a watershed. Consequently, assessing the qualitative and quantitative impact of wetlands on hydrological regimes has become a relevant issue for scientists as well as stakeholders and decision‐makers. In this study, the distributed hydrological model, HYDROTEL, was used to investigate the role and impact of the geographic distribution of isolated and RWs on stream flows of the Becancour River watershed of the St Lawrence Lowlands, Quebec, Canada. The model was set up and calibrated using available datasets (i.e. DEM, soil, wetland distribution, climate, land cover, and hydrometeorological data for the 1969–2010 period). Different wetland theoretical location tests (WTLT) were simulated. Results were used to determine whether stream flow parameters, related to peak flows and low flows, were related to: (i) geographic location of wetlands, (ii) typology of wetlands, and (iii) seasonality. The contribution of a particular wetland was assessed using intrinsic characteristics (e.g. surface area, typology) and extrinsic factors (e.g. location in the watershed landscape and seasonality). Through these investigations, the results suggest, to some extent, that both IWs and RWs impact landscape hydrology. The more IWs are located in the upper part of the watershed, the greater their effect on both on high flow damping and low flow support seems to be. The more RWs are connected to a main stream, the greater their effect is. Our modelling results indicate that local landscape conditions may influence the wetland effect; promoting or limiting their efficiency, and thus their impacts on stream flows depend on a combined effect of wetland and landscape attributes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assimilating ASAR data for estimating soil moisture profile using an ensemble Kalman filter

Active microwave remote sensing data were used to calculate the near-surface soil moisture in the vegetated areas. In this study, Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar （ASAR） observations of surface soil moisture content were used in a data assimilation framework to improve the estimation of the soil moisture profile at the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. A one-dimensional soil moisture assimilation system based on the ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF）, the forward radiative transfer model, crop model, and the Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model （DHSVM） was developed. The crop model, as a semi-empirical model, was used to estimate the surface backscattering of vegetated areas. The DHSVM is a distributed hydrology-vegetation model that explicitly represents the effects of topography and vegetation on water fluxes through the landscape. Numerical experiments were con- ducted to assimilate the ASAR data into the DHSVM and in situ soil moisture at the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin from June 20 to July 15, 2008. The results indicated that EnKF is effective for assimilating ASAR observations into the hydrological model. Compared with the simulation and in situ observations, the assimilated results were significantly improved in the surface layer and root layer, and the soil moisture varied slightly in the deep layer. Additionally, EnKF is an efficient approach to handle the strongly nonlinear problem which is practical and effective for soil moisture estimation by assimilation of remote sensing data. Moreover, to improve the assimilation results, further studies on obtaining more reliable forcing data and model parameters and increasing the efficiency and accuracy of the remote sensing observations are needed, also improving estimation accuracy of model operator is important.