高能洪水沉积研究综述

第四纪巨型堰塞湖溃决产生的高能洪水是地球及其他星球上已知规模最大的陆地淡水事件.越来越多的研究证明高能洪水事件具有普遍性,广泛发育于欧亚大陆、北美洲和南美洲等地区.研究者发现不同地区高能洪水事件的沉积特征具有一定的共性,但其典型沉积序列却依然缺失.本文首先回顾了全球已报道高能洪水案例并介绍了高能洪水的定义,总结了高能洪...     

乌兰布和沙漠西南部风况对穹状沙丘形成的影响

风是塑造沙丘形态的主要动力,目前对穹状沙丘的形成动力学过程尚不清楚.为探讨风况对穹状沙丘形成和演化的影响,以乌兰布和沙漠西南部穹状沙丘为例,利用吉兰泰气象站风速风向数据和Google Earth影像测量沙丘形态参数,分析风况对穹状沙丘形成的影响.结果表明:(1)乌兰布和沙漠西南部主风向为西北风,次风向为西南风和东北风,...     

Effect of artificial reefs (southern Portugal) on sediment–water transport of nutrients: Importance of the hydrodynamic regime

The present study investigates the differences between nutrient fluxes and particulate organic matter within an artificial reef system (AR) deployed in August 2002 off Faro (Algarve, Southern Portugal) and in a non-reef area (NRA), and how fluxes and suspended material may be affected by the hydrodynamic regime. Surveys to collect sediment cores, suspended/settled particles and overlying water samples were carried out by divers, from March (2006) to October (2007) in AR and NRA. Sediment cores and settled particles were collected to determine grain size, organic and inorganic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content. Overlying water and pore water samples were analysed for ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved organic phosphorus and chlorophyll a. Results from the period studied showed that: (1) the benthic export of dissolved N, P and Si was 2–3 times higher at AR; (2) the particulate organic carbon (POC), nitrogen (PON) and phosphorus (POP) in suspended/settled particles were about 1.5 times higher at AR; (3) at both AR and NRA, the benthic export of dissolved N, P and Si, during a calm weather period, was 2–4 times higher than during or immediately after a storm event; and (4) at both sites, particulate organic compounds (POC, PON and POP) increased about 20 times during a storm event. These findings suggest that both the nutrients transport from sediment to water column and the quantity/quality of suspended/settled particles were highly dependent on the existence of reef structures and on the hydrodynamic regime.     

Physical disturbance and subtidal habitat structure on open rocky coasts: Effects of wave exposure, extent and intensity

Canopy-forming algae occur across of range of energy environments (i.e., wave sheltered to exposed coasts) where disturbances are frequent (i.e., gap formation) and benthic patterns largely reflect variation in post-disturbance processes. Disturbances vary in extent (area affected) and intensity (degree of damage), and this may affect recolonisation at local scales. On an open oceanic coast, we tested whether habitat structure (patches of canopy algae) differed between heavy and relatively lighter wave exposure (sheltered vs. exposed sides of islands), and whether wave exposure affected the response of prominent habitat-formers to varying disturbance regimes (different sizes of partial and complete canopy removal). Observations of naturally occurring patterns showed sheltered coasts to be characterised by small patches of fucoids, whereas exposed coasts were characterised by large patches of kelp. Canopy-gaps were larger at exposed than sheltered coasts, and mixed canopies constituted > 24% of the subtidal rocky habitat independently of wave exposure. Experimental disturbances showed the local density of kelps to affect recovery through greater recruitment to partial clearings (80% canopy removal). Fucalean algae, on the other hand, mainly recruited into complete clearings (100% removal), but when their recruits were abundant, they also recruited into partial clearings. The covers of filamentous, turf-forming algae increased in all clearings, and more so at exposed than sheltered sites. Extent of disturbance had no detectable effect on recolonisation by canopy-forming algae across the scales examined (i.e., 1.5 m, 3 m diameter loss of canopy). Recolonisation varied among islands kilometres apart, and correlations (r > 0.85) between cover of canopies and cover of their recruits in clearings at the scale of sites, suggested that differences in propagule supply could account for variation in patterns of recolonisation at scales of kilometres. There was no evidence to suggest that the effect of disturbance depended on wave exposure within the range of exposures tested in this study (i.e. open coasts). We recognise that wave exposure can be fundamental to habitat structure of subtidal rocky coasts, but we suggest that its influence may be mediated by the biological setting (e.g., canopy composition).     

混沌理论在水文领域中的研究现状及展望

本文对混沌理论在水文领域中的应用现状、存在的问题及未来的可能发展方向进行了研究。总结了水文时间序列在混沌识别、混沌预测、相空间参数估计、噪声处理和数据量大小等方面的研究成果和存在的问题，指出未来应该加强混沌与其它理论和方法的比较与结合，并且通过对多变量预测和重构系统动力学模型的深入研究，揭示水文系统混沌演化的基本规律及内在成因机制。     

华南晚中生代构造体制转折结束时限研究——兼与华北燕山地区对比

中国东部中生代构造体制转折过程及其相应的岩浆作用是当前研究热点。福建是华南中生代多期次火山活动发育最齐全的地区之一,锆石SHRIMP UPb法测年表明：福建分布最广的晚中生代“南园组”火山岩形成时代可明显分为两期,分别为中侏罗世末—晚侏罗世（162.3～149.8Ma）和早白垩世（142.3～130.1Ma）。区域地质构造和地层对比表明,该两期火山岩形成于不同的火山活动旋回和构造背景,不能归入同一地层组中。与华北燕山地区相比较,前者层位相当于髫髻山组,后者层位相当于张家口组,推断它们分别形成于华南构造体制转折最终结束前后。据此提出华南中生代构造体制转折结束于晚侏罗世（149.8～142.3Ma）,也即华南与华北的构造体制转折基本同时结束。     

长江上游流域降水结构时空演变特性

为研究气候变化和人类活动背景下的长江上游流域降水结构时空分布特性,利用长江上游流域67个气象站点1961—2005年45年的日降水资料,分析了各种不同历时连续降水的时空演变特征。通过Trend Free Pre-Whitening方法消除降水时间序列中的自相关成分,利用非参数的Mann-Kendall法检验了降水结构的变化趋势。结果表明:① 长江上游流域及各分区各历时降水发生率随降水历时增加呈指数递减趋势,贡献率先增加后降低,以短历时降水为主;② 长江上游短历时（1 d和2 d）降水贡献率发生突变的时间在1976年,长历时（6 d和10 d）降水发生率发生突变的时间为1984年,贡献率发生突变的时间为1999年;③ 长江上游短历时降水集中出现的次数增加,降水强度增大,降水量占总降水量的比例较大,而长历时降水出现频次降低,降水量占总降水量比例下降,其中岷沱江流域、大渡河流域、长江干流区间通过了显著性检验。     

近30年来降水量变化和人类活动对北京潮白河冲洪积扇地下水动态的影响

对北京潮白河冲洪积扇分布区30年来降水量、地表径流量、地下水水位和地下水储存量进行了时间序列分析。结果表明: 过去30年中,区域地下水动态发生了明显变化,特点是1998年以来,地下水位和地下水储存量迅速下降与减少。1998年以来,年降水量为以往多年平均值的76％左右。在储存量变化的影响因素中,降水量减少导致的补给量减少约占24％,人类活动,如工农业地下水开采、应急水源地地下水开采和地表水体入渗减少等因素约占76％。由于未来气候变化的不确定性,在南水北调的水进京后仍可能出现连续枯水年,因此,以丰水年降水进行水源涵养存在较大风险。对于已经处于严重超采状况的潮白河冲洪积扇来说,为了满足未来供水的需要,应急水源地从现在起应减少开采量或停采以逐步恢复地下水储存量。     

三江特提斯复合造山与成矿作用

三江特提斯构造带作为全球特提斯构造在中国大陆最典型的发育地区,经历了复杂而完整的演化历史:从晚前寒武纪—早古生代泛大陆解体与原特提斯洋形成,经古特提斯多岛弧盆系发育与古生代—中生代增生造山/盆山转换,到新生代印度-亚洲大陆碰撞与叠加改造,完好地记录了超级大陆裂解→增生→碰撞的完整演化历史和大陆动力学过程,可谓是中国大陆构造演化的典型缩影。复合造山和叠加转换导致了三江特提斯域复杂的成矿演化,主要表现为:①在构造转换阶段,于元古代刚性基底基础上发育大量叠加改造型矿床,具有独特的金属组合(Sn-Cu,Sn-Pb-Zn,Fe-Cu等);②火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床伴随特提斯岩石圈演化,连续发育于陆缘裂谷(Cu)→初始洋盆(Cu-Zn)→大洋岛弧(Cu-Zn-Pb)→弧间裂谷或弧后盆地(Pb-Zn-Ag)→弧-陆碰撞裂陷盆地(Cu-Pb-Zn)等阶段及诸环境;③特提斯阶段的岛弧型斑岩Cu矿被碰撞造山阶段的大陆型斑岩Cu矿所取代;④世界级规模的金属成矿带和巨型矿床,在新生代碰撞造山期爆发式产生。尽管已有的研究从整体上勾画出了三江特提斯域的基本构造特征和成矿面貌,但仍有许多重要问题尚未解决:①三江复合造山带构造叠加、...