Volcanic structure of the southern sector of Mt. Etna after the 2001 and 2002 eruptions defined by magnetotelluric measurements

Two magnetotelluric (MT) surveys were carried out on the Mt. Etna volcano after two of the most intense eruptions of the last 30 years which took place in summer 2001 and winter 2002–2003. Surveying was pursued for two main reasons. First, we sought to contribute to the definition of the first-order structure and physico-chemical state (temperature, fluids, melts) of a volcano that has been extensively explored and monitored by means of various geophysical methods, but where only few electrical and electromagnetic surveys have been performed. Secondly, we acquired MT data in the same sites in the two different surveys with the aim of monitoring the possible changes of the first-order structure, since conditions are expected to vary on an active volcano such as Etna, and are supposed to be linked to the eruptive events. Soundings have been acquired in an E-W 10 km-long profile across the southern flank of Mt. Etna, at a distance of almost 6 km south from the Central Crater. The first survey was carried out three months after the 2001 eruption. Inverse models define a pronounced (4 km thickness) low resistivity section at a depth of about 1 km b.s.l. to the west. To the east, a low resistivity section is still present, but appears deeper, thinner and more resistive, and a shallow low resistivity anomaly also exists. The shallow anomaly to the east is tentatively correlated with altered and clayey volcanic units and/or temporary groundwater storage. The deep anomalies are interpreted as being due to melt storage at shallow depths which was not exhausted during the eruption. This would be confirmed by the abundance of lava erupted within one year from the end of the survey. The few good sites retrieved in the second survey, carried out a few weeks after the eruption of 2002–2003, confirm the picture defined in the first survey, and provide a better definition of the bottom of the deep anomaly located in the sedimentary basement.     

水库下游河流再造床过程的时空演替现象——以丹江口建库后汉江中下游为例

在实测资料和前人研究的基础上,引入“空代时”假说,分析研究了丹江口建库后汉江下游河流再造床过程的时空演替现象。分析表明,河流再造床过程在冲刷延展、河床粗化、含沙量及其特征、岸滩侵蚀以及河型变化等方面具有较典型的时空演替现象。产生时空演替现象的根源在于河流自调整作用在同一变源下空间和时间响应的一致性,是过程的相似。输入水沙条件的变化、水库下游河道支流入汇、河床边界条件的变化以及因此导致的不同调整方式是引起时空演替复杂响应的主要原因。如能排除干扰、建立时空演替现象的数学模式将有助于水库下游河流调整的分析和预测。     

分布式水文概念模型率定方案比较研究

本文在基于新安江模型的分布式水文概念模型的基础上,以伊河东湾流域为研究对象,分别采用集总式、半集总式、半分布式三种率定方案进行模型率定和径流模拟,并与传统的集总式水文模型进行成果比较。研究结果表明:总的来说,分布式模型的模拟结果略好于集总式模型;由于考虑了不同子流域参数变异性,半分布式方案要优于其他方案;但随着模型结构的复杂性增加,参数率定的难度增大,模拟结果的不确定性增多,分布式水文概念模型的模拟效率还有待于进一步的提高。     

流域水文模型的发展

本文列出了当今世界上比较流行的15个流域水文模型。对现行概念性集总式流域水文模型的结构和参数的特点进行了评论,指出了这类流域水文模型存在的主要缺陷。对新一代流域水文模型, 即分布式流域水文模型,尤其是其中具有物理基础的分布式流域水文模型,进行了较为深入的分析,指出其之所以优于集总式流域水文模型的主要原因。最后对流域水文模型进一步发展所必须具备的理论和技术条件做了初步讨论。     

Statistical performances of various deterministic and stochastic models for rainfall series disaggregation

This paper compares the performance of seven disaggregation models, based on various approaches and/or concepts, for the generation of 10-min time step rainfall series from hourly rainfall series. The so-called constant disaggregation model and a linear model based on the external temporal pattern of rainfall are first considered. The other models are stochastic: the first ones are based on a given probability density function applying for the 10-min rainfall amounts of the hour to disaggregate. This probability density function is either uniform or derived from the external temporal pattern of rainfall. The other stochastic models are scaling models using canonical or microcanonical multiplicative random cascades. The comparison of the models is based on their ability to reproduce some important statistical characteristics of the observed time series: variance, skewness coefficient, wet/dry properties of 10-min rainfall amounts; rainfall amounts quantiles for different return periods; autocorrelation of 10-min rainfall amounts. A continuous hydrological simulation is next applied to produce for each generated rainfall series a continuous discharge series used afterwards for a retention design. The ability of the different disaggregation models to produce rainfall time series resulting in the same retention design than the one obtained with the observed rainfall series is finally analysed. Deterministic models as well as simpler stochastic models have rather bad performances when compared to the others. Because it is non-conservative, the model based on a microcanonical random cascade performs also very poorly. It significantly overestimates all studied statistics. Models based on microcanonical random cascades achieve the best performance. They perform reasonably well for the reproduction of rainfall statistics and almost perfectly for the reproduction of runoff and storage design variables. Results finally highlight the interest of including in the disaggregation scheme information related to the external temporal pattern of rainfall.     

新疆克拉玛依中基性岩墙群形成力学机制及其构造意义

克拉玛依岩墙群产出在克拉玛依北岩体及其围岩之中,具有不连续分段岩墙和连续分段岩墙两种类型,空间分布受区域张性构造裂隙控制,总体走向以北西-南东(280°～300°)为主,还有少量北东-南西(30°～50°)走向的岩墙。克拉玛依岩墙群所受最大主压应力方向垂直于地表,最小主压应力方向与岩墙扩容作用方向平行,并垂直于北西-南东走向的分段岩墙。岩浆沿构造裂隙贯入、充填形成岩墙,其发育程度与裂隙和区域各主压应力之间的夹角有关。岩墙分段的力学原因是岩浆在流动过程中,遇到与最小主压应力斜交的先存裂隙时,应力强度因子瞬间降低所致。估算的主伸长度为2.7%。克拉玛依岩墙群的大量出现进一步表明,二叠纪时,区域构造已经由碰撞挤压体制转变为伸展体制。     

The water regime of the Monegros playa-lakes as established from ground and satellite data

The Monegros playa-lakes are isolated saline wetlands, locally named ‘saladas’, situated in a vulnerable semi-arid territory where agricultural expansion threatens the natural hydrologic cycle with regular artificial flooding, risking the survival of a valuable natural resource. This study aims to examine the water regime of these playa-lakes from climate data and available hydrologic records. These records are historical and limited to a series of weekly measurements of depth and of water extent extracted from Landsat imagery. We have characterized the hydrological behavior of the playa-lakes by treating ground and satellite data separately. For this purpose, the playa-lakes are first grouped according to the water occurrence episodes. Then their hydrologic status is related to the previous rainfall and also to ET₀, since there is a lack of local records of wind as well as brine or fresh water evaporation. The northern playa-lakes respond to rain faster than the southern ones. All playa-lakes have a significant relationship between water occurrence and rainfall accumulated within 180 days prior to an observation. A significant relationship between ET₀ and water occurrence was found for a shorter 15-day accumulation period. Quantifying the current water regime now is critical for monitoring the effects of expanding irrigation in adjacent lands. Remote sensing is well-suited to an environmental assessment for regions of difficult access with the added benefit of lowered field measurement cost. The hydrological data from the Monegros playa-lakes could be integrated with other playa environments worldwide to compare regionally specific climate conditions.     

两种新的水文频率分布模型:Pareto分布和Logistic分布

介绍了两种新的水文频率分布模型——Pareto分布和Logistic分布，分析了它们的统计特性和应用概况，制作了两种分布的离均系数表，能用一般的方法估计参数和设计值，可作为进一步研究频率曲线线型时的参考。     

水文遥测通信电路设计中的抗干扰问题

本文介绍在《超短波通信电路设计手册》的基础上，如何考虑设计中的抗干扰措施，这些措施包括：从抗干扰要求出发，调配系统方程参数；选择合适的工作频率；选择有利于抗干扰的设备技术指标；发挥天线的抗干扰作用。在通信电路设计中采取的抗干扰措施，和改善设备的抗干扰措施，是水文遥测系统抗干扰的两个重要方面，缺一不可，系统设计者应该引起充分注意。