Geochronology and geochemistry of Late Triassic bimodal igneous rocks at the eastern margin of the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif,Northeast China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications

Abstract

New zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectroscopy U–Pb ages, and Hf isotope and whole-rock geochemical data are reported for Mesozoic igneous rocks from the eastern margin of the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif, Northeast China, in order to document the petrogenesis of the igneous rocks and reconstruct the early Mesozoic tectonic setting of the region. Zircons from five representative igneous rocks are euhedral–subhedral and display oscillatory growth zoning or striped absorption in cathodoluminescence images, suggesting a magmatic origin. The dating results indicate that granite, gabbro, and rhyolite from the eastern Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range Massif formed during Late Triassic (204–211 Ma). The Late Triassic granitoids and rhyolites have an affinity to A-type granites or rhyolites. Their zircon ε_Hf(t) values and Hf two-stage model ages range from –3.8 to +3.8 and from 999 to 1485 Ma, respectively, indicating that their primary melts were derived from the partial melting of the Meso-Proterozoic crust. The geochemistry of coeval gabbros, which reflects primary magma composition, shows a significant large ion lithophile element (e.g. Ba and Sr) enrichment and high field strength element (i.e. Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, and Ti) depletion. Based on zircon ε_Hf(t) values (–4.2 to +2.8) and Hf single-stage model ages (746–1031 Ma), we conclude that the mafic magma is the product of partial melting of lithospheric mantle that was metasomatically enriched by fluids derived from the subducted oceanic crust. The Late Triassic magmatism along the eastern margin of the Eurasian continent has bimodal magma compositions, indicating an extensional setting after the final closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean rather than being related to subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent. The occurrence of Late Triassic igneous rocks on the eastern side of the Mudanjiang Fault suggests that this fault does not represent the suture zone between the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range and Jiamusi massifs.     

Growth and Carbon Metabolism Responses to Flooding Timing and Frequency in Three Marsh Plants in Sanjiang Plain

Flooding timing and frequency may have different effects on the growth and carbon metabolism of plants in wetlands. We tested this hypothesis using three marsh plants in Sanjiang Plain, which were growing in different flooding timing and frequency environments for 24 days. The three marsh plants in different elevations along a water-level gradient, high-elevation species Calamagrostis angustifolia, mid-elevation species Carex limosa and low-elevation species Carex lasiocarpa. Our experiment included 6 kinds of treatments: control, longer flooding timing, medial flooding timing and frequency(2 treatments), and higher flooding frequency(2 treatments). Longer flooding timing and higher flooding frequency treatments led to similar reductions in biomass accumulation and relative growth rate of Calamagrostis angustifolia, whereas growth of Carex limosa was not affected by either flooding timing or frequency. However, biomass accumulation and relative growth rate of Carex lasiocarpa was only reduced by the higher flooding frequency. Starch and soluble sugar contents of Calamagrostis angustifolia were negatively affected by flooding frequency. On Carex limosa, higher flooding frequency resulted in higher starch content, but longer flooding timing led to accumulated starch content in Carex lasiocarpa. Soluble sugar contents of Carex lasiocarpa and Carex li mosa were not affected by either flooding timing or flooding frequency. These results indicated that growth responses of the three marsh plants to flooding timing and frequency was closely related to the different physiology of carbohydrate metabolism.     

An operational framework for equity in the 2015 Agreement

Equity is a highly contentious but essential area of negotiation, if a stable and effective international climate agreement with broad participation is to be achieved. Three perspectives on the magnitude dimensions of equity are identified that need consideration in the process of formulating an agreement: agreement on a ‘safe’ temperature goal; agreement on the required global effort; and agreement on a fair division of contributions. The opportunities are explored for reconciling these perspectives in an operational framework for equity. Specifically, this means the importance of the adopted a global temperature goal of below 2°C temperature increase by the end of the century. In addition, an initial approach to quantifying adaption costs is suggested, while the importance of arriving at a global mitigation goal is emphasized. It is argued that finance and technology support commensurate with the required global mitigation and adaptation effort is an important element of equity.

Policy relevance

The centrality of equity, in terms of both form and magnitude, will be vital for the design and implementation of a 2015 Agreement that is capable of achieving the objectives of the Convention. Three central areas of debate within global negotiations are identified and discussed: an appropriate temperature goal; global goals for adaptation, mitigation, finance, and technological support; and the division of global effort. The opportunities for reconciling the areas of debate are explored specifically in the context of an Equity Reference Framework, along with suggestions for approaches to quantifying adaptation needs.     

Mixing regimes in the equatorial crater lakes of western Uganda

In order to understand the ecological functioning of lake ecosystems, little is more crucial than knowledge of their mixing regime. However in tropical regions, this information is scarce for all except the largest lakes, and often inferred from occasional observation of physical water-column properties. In this study, a total of 276 water-column profiles of temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen collected between 2000 and 2017 in 60 volcanic crater lakes in equatorial western Uganda are used to classify these lakes according to mixing regime. Most study lakes are small (on average 29 ha), but together they cover a spectacularly large gradient in maximum depth (Z_max) between 1.4 m and > 220 m, and consequently they display a wide range of mixing regimes. We identified four lakes as continuous warm polymictic, 12 as discontinuous warm polymictic, and 11 other lakes mix completely once or twice each year. We classify these 11 lakes as equatorial dimictic, because they experience deep mixing during both dry seasons separated by long periods of stable stratification, while the season of complete mixing may differ between years and among neighbouring lakes. The 33 remaining lakes do not usually mix completely and are thus meromictic. Relative depth (Z_r) is the main factor controlling the mixing regime of these lakes. The presence of a shallow permanent chemocline reduces mixing depth, and the smallest meromictic lakes (< 3 ha) tend to occasionally mix deeper than predicted by Z_r. Based on these variables, predictions can be made about the mixing dynamics of Ugandan crater lakes not covered by our dataset. Previous suggestions that the mixing depth of tropical crater lakes is strongly influenced by the wind shelter provided by a high crater rim or by water-column transparency could not be confirmed.     

浅层地下水水位动态模拟与中长期预报

用多元回归与自相关相结合对浅层地下水动态进行模拟预报,并对该方法的物理意义加以阐明.     

Long‐term hydrological simulation based on the Soil Conservation Service curve number

Presenting a critical review of daily flow simulation models based on the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS‐CN), this paper introduces a more versatile model based on the modified SCS‐CN method, which specializes into seven cases. The proposed model was applied to the Hemavati watershed (area = 600 km²) in India and was found to yield satisfactory results in both calibration and validation. The model conserved monthly and annual runoff volumes satisfactorily. A sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was performed, including the effect of variation in storm duration. Finally, to investigate the model components, all seven variants of the modified version were tested for their suitability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泥石流运动流型与流态特征

泥石流的运动流型与流态是研究泥石流运动力学的重要内容。以云南东川蒋家沟泥石流运动观测为例,对阵流型、连续型、复合型三种流型及相应的流量过程特征进行了分析;借鉴水力学的流态理论,对天然沟遭中泥石流的流动状态(即层动流、波动流现象)进行了探讨分析,指出在一阵流动过程中也会出现几种不同流态特征。     

横断山区水文区划

本文分析了横断山区径流的分布、水源补给、径流的年内分配等的地区差异,从中选取形成水文地域分异的最重要的水文特征值,作为划分水文区域的指标。文内将横断山区划分为两级水文区域,并阐述了每个水文区和水文亚区的基木特征。     

塔尔水源地水文地质特征及开采前景分析

本文在分析塔尔水源地水文地质特征的基础上,通过对地下水资源、开采现状、含水层贮存调节功能和动态等分析和论证,认为按现状开采,水源地未完全发挥其应有效益,尚有扩大开采的潜力,并提出了扩大开采的方案。