具有Horton及Dunne机制的径流模型在VIC模型中的应用

地表径流主要由蓄满(Dunne)和超海产流(Horton)机制产生；土壤性质的空间变异性、前期土壤水、地形及防水的空间变异性导致不同的径流机制。在研究区域或模型网格内，蓄满产流及超渗产流可能同时出现，缺乏考虑任何一种机制以及土壤性质的次网格空间变串可能导致地表径流的过高或过低估计，从而影响土壤水的计算。利用Philip入渗公式用于时间压缩逼近(TCA)给出了一种径流参数化方法，该方法可以动态实现模型网格中的Horton及Dunne产流机理，它考虑了土壤空间变异性对Horton和Dunne径流的影响。该径流模型应用到基于水原理的陆面过程模型VIC，在淮河流域及美国宾西法尼亚州的一个流域进行了测试，结果表明：新的参数化方法对地表径流和土壤水分含量的分配起着重要作用，对于改进径流和土壤水的模拟有重要意义。     

Characterizing stream temperature hysteresis in forested headwater streams

Stream temperature (T_s) is a key water quality parameter that controls several biological, ecological, and chemical processes in aquatic systems. In forested headwaters, exchanges of energy across air-water-streambed interfaces may influence T_s regimes, especially during storm events as the sources of runoff change over space and time. Analysis of the hysteretic behaviour of T_s during storm events may provide insights into rainfall-runoff responses, but such relationships have not been thoroughly investigated. As such, our objectives were to (a) quantify the variability of stream temperature hysteresis across seasons in different sub-regions and (b) investigate the relationship between the hysteretic response and catchment characteristics. T_s hysteresis during storm events was assessed based on the hysteresis index (HI), which describes the directionality of hysteresis loops, and the temperature response index (TRI), which indicates whether T_s increased or decreased during a storm event. We analysed T_s data from 10 forested headwater reaches in two sub-regions (McGarvey and West Fork Tectah) in Northern California. We also performed a clustering analysis to examine the relationship amongst HI, TRI, topographic metrics, and meteorological characteristics of the study areas. Overall, the hysteretic behaviour of T_s varied across seasons—the greatest HI occurred during spring and summer. Interestingly, in the McGarvey streams the variability in T_s hysteresis co-varied strongly with topographic metrics (i.e., upslope accumulative area, average channel slope, topographic wetness index). Comparatively, in West Fork Tectah the variability of T_s hysteresis co-varied most strongly with meteorological metrics (i.e., antecedent rainfall events, solar radiation, and air temperature). Variables such as the gradient between stream and air temperatures, slope, and wetted width were significant for both sub-regional hysteretic patterns. We posit that the drivers of T_s response during storms are likely dependent on catchment physiographic characteristics. Our study also illustrated the potential utility of stream temperature as a tracer for improving the understanding of hydrologic connectivity and shifts in the dominant runoff contributions to streamflow during storm events.